ap psych unit 1

where does the word psychology come from

the greek

which term places emphasis on experimentation and systematic observation?

empiricism

which philosopher emphasized the importance of confronting ignorance and gaining knowledge through dialogues?

socrates

which philosopher placed emphasis on reason, logic, and persuasion techniques

aristotle

what did plato's allegory feature?

a cave

which view of existence states That physical function of the brain is needed

monism

which concept states that the spirit May continue after the body has died

dualism

which philosopher believe the mind is a blank slate at birth

john locke

which middle age era "treatment" involved drilling a hole in the skull To release supposed evil spirits

trepanning

which enlightenment era philosopher Famously said "I think, therefore I exist"

rene descartes

which philosopher had a very negative view of human nature and famously stated that life in nature is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"?

thomas hobbes

which philosopher formed the categorical imperative and was reprehensibly A founder of scientific racism

immanuel kant

Who open the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879

Wilhelm Wundt

who wrote "the principles of psychology"- the first psychology textbook

william james

which perspective on psychology places emphasis on the whole or totality of experience

gestalt

which perspective places emphasis on The role of consciousness

psychoanalytic

which contemporary perspective places emphasis on the environment and features Classical and operant conditioning

behavioral

Which perspective involves studying the brain and the influence of genetics

Biopsychological

Which perspective places emphasis on free will And self determination

humanistic

Who observed that dogs will learn to salivate to a tuning fork If paired initially with food

ivan pavlov

Modern psychologist emphasize the need for evidence. What is this concept specifically called?

Empiricism

Which concept of the mind states that thought is derived from matter and see says once the body dies?

Monism

what term did John Locke used to represent his idea of the "blank slate" of the infant's mind

tabula rasa

which philosopher stated that man in nature is a "noble savage" Who is kind and peaceful?

jean jacques rousseau

Which psychology field emphasizes the study of traits that have allowed us to be successful

Evolutionary psychology

William James focused on evolutionary/adaptive views of behavior. What did james call this

Functionalism

which contemporary Psychology perspective emphasizes the power of the environment and conditioning

Behaviorism

Which contemporary perspective emphasizes reason, logic, language, and memory

Cognitive

Which modern psychological perspective emphasizes the context (time and place) of a behavior

Socio-cultural

which modern psychological perspective emphasizes neurotransmitters, brain function, and genes

Neuroscience

Which philosopher stated that the essence of the mind was thought and that only humans have minds

rene descartes

Who establish the first psychological laboratory in the US

G stanley hall

what terminology represents the tendency to overrate one's own capabilities and traits

self serving bias

What term is also referred to as the "I knew it all along" phenomenon

Hindsight bias

What terminology refers to the need to have numbers to represent your variables

Operational definitions

Which of the following is the correct order of the scientific method

purpose, conducting, analysis, communication, replication

What term refers to whether a study yields consistent results

Reliability

What term refers to the accuracy of the study

Validity

"WEIRD" people are over-rep in most psychology research. what type of sampling is this called

biased

to what does the "W" in WEIRD refer to

the people who live in the western hemisphere

to what does the letter "R" in WEIRD refer to

rich

What type of research method involves independent and dependent variables in a controlled environment

Lab experiment

What type of research involves passively taking notes on the behavior of people

Naturalistic observation

What type of variable is defined as a "deliver it manipulation by the experimenter"?

Independent

What term is used for a variable that is measured to see how it is changed by a manipulation

Dependent

what term involves a variable that an exp Is not accounting for that may be affecting results?

Confounding

What term involves participants altering behavior if they learn of the purpose of the study

Demand characteristics

What research method utilizes data from surveys to examine the relationships between characteristics

Correlational method

What research method involves studying a single individual or a few individuals

Case studies

Which case study involves Freud's patient that stuff heard from conversion hysteria

Anna O

What type of research method did Stanley Milgram using his subway seat study

Field experiment

Which case study involved a man surviving a tamping iron blasting through his frontal lobe

Phineas Gage

What case study involved a boy being raised as a girl following a circumcision accident

David Reimer

What case study involved a girl being locked in a room for the first 13 years of her life

genie

What type of statistics answers the question "what does this data show" and involves analyzing sample demographics

Inferential

What is the exact middle score in a distribution of numbers called

Median

Which measure of central tendency is defined as the average score and can be distorted by outliers

mean

What are the rules or standards governing the conduct of psychologist officially called

ethics

Subjects must usually agree to be in a study before hand. What is this guideline called

informed consent

What is the guideline of telling subjects the purpose of the study after participation called

debriefing

Which of the following researchers conducted an obedient study involving fake shocks

Stanley Milgram

What problem did Wendell Johnson attempt to convince orphans that they had

stuttering

what was the name of Watson's study Involving the provocation of fear responses in an infant

little albert

what was zimbardo simulating in his controversial study in 1971

a prison

Which of the following researchers conducted controversial attachment research on monkeys

harry harlow

What is the study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge called

epistemology

What is the ancient definition of psychology? From where is the definition derived? What is the modern definition of psychology?

The ancient Greek definition is the study of the soul and the modern definition is the study of behavior and mental processes

What three ancient Greek philosophers were discussed in class? What were their respective views on human behavior

socrates focused on knowledge; he had an awareness of one's own ignorance, dialect/dialogs: cooperative argumentation to stimulate critical thinking (Socratic seminar is), virtue which focused on self development not accumulation of possessions (non-materialistic). Play-Doh focused on innate knowledge and nature, the theory of forms which was non-physical essences of all things (we know what a chair looks like without having to look at it), cave allegory (ignorance and quest for knowledge, illusions versus reality). The third is Aristotle who focused on monism which was a belief based on observation and logic, power of reason, persuasion techniques (ethos, pathos, and logos)

What is dualism? Monism?

Do a Lizum is when a soul can live on after the body dies "afterlife" and monism is the soul is a part of the body but when the body dies, the soul dies.

What type of thinking dominated during the middle ages? How are some mentally ill people treated during the middle ages

belief in supernatural, emphasis on reason, analysis, individualism; trepanning

what were rene descartes' views on dualism

cartesian dualism: mind and body are in constant interaction, mind is a substance distinct from body, mind/soul may be non material; " I think, therefore I am", doubt equals thought which equals existence

According to John Locke, what is empiricism? According to lock, what is the tabula rasa?

empiricism is the acquisition of truth through observations and experience; tabula rasa means blank slate, No innate knowledge, "nurture"

What were Thomas Hobbes views on human nature

Man is mean, violent, savage, etc. and violence occurs due to competition, diffidence, and glory; society needs a Leviathan (all powerful ruler) that has monopoly over all violence

What were Jean Jacques Rousseau's views on human nature

Noble savage, society is the corrupting force, once inequalities emerge

What were Immanuel Kant's views on human perception? morals? race?

mind plays active role in constituting the objects of knowledge, founder of psychophysics (how mind comprehend physical world; categorical imperative (golden rule); scientific racist

What were the major components of Charles Darwins theory of evolution? What impact did Darwins theory of evolution have on psychology

Certain traits that are beneficial to environment and will be naturally selected and passed onto offspring; functionalism, eugenics, ethology (study of animals in relation to human capabilities)

Who establish the first modern psychological laboratory in the world

wilhelm wundt (leipzig, germany 1879)

Who establish the first modern psychological laboratory in the US

G Stanley Hall (John's Hopkins)

For what was William James noted

First psychology textbook, functionalism: long lasting trades master of function

What is gestalt psychology? Who founded gestalt psychology

looking at total picture, whole experience is often more than the sum of parts of experience, mine doesn't need all details and can fill in missing components; Max wertheimer

What are the six major modern psychological perspectives and what are their basic descriptions/elements; who are the most famous theorist (if applicable) associated with each perspective?

psychoanalytic: unconscious mind, iceberg metaphor (you only see a very small portion of why people do things), unconscious sexual and aggressive urges; Sigmund Freud - determinist (every thought, emotion, behavior has causes), early childhood experiences

behavioral: observable behaviors and reactions to behaviors, environmental influences; classical conditioning (reflexive response), operant conditioning (non-reflexive response); Ivan Pavlov (salivating dogs at sound of bell), Skinner (pigeons getting food when they do the right thing)

biopsychological (neuroscience) - interaction between anatomy, physiology, behavior; genes, hormones, neurotransmitters

cognitive: how we interpret, process, remember event; memory, language, reason, logic

humanistic: free will and thought, individual choice; third force

Socio-cultural: context of behaviors (place, time)

What is the scientific method? What are the major components of the scientific method? Why do psychologist use the scientific method

Systematic collection, interpretation, verification of data; purpose, conduct, analyze, communicate, replicating

What is the decline effect? What are the theoretical reasons for the decline effect

tendency of strength of findings to decrease with replication; experimenter bias, selective reporting of data, publication bias

what is applied research? What is basic research

Applied research: immediate real world implications

Basic research: not intended to have immediate real world applications, for inquisitiveness and curiosity

What does the term validity mean? What does the term reliability mean

Validity: accuracy of results

Reliability: ability to replicate results

What does it mean to "operationally defined" the variables?

Put results into numbers, quantify

what are the various types of experimental/research methods (Lab experiments, field experiments, correlation method, naturalistic observation, case studies) used by psychologist? What are the major component/elements of each method? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each method NOTE: Be sure that you were able to identify the following in a hypothetical experiment: the test subjects, the independent variable, the dependent variable, the experimental group, and the control group

independent variable: thing manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent variable: response to the independent variable

Test subjects: individual or group of people being studied

Experimental group: those getting the treatment

Control group: those getting the placebo

What is experimenter bias? What constitutes experimental fraud

experimenter bias: when the experimenter only notices the results that confirm their hypothesis, Manipulate data or test to confirm

Experimental fraud: has completely made up data, falsifying data