Crop Production - Lecture 2

Practice flashcards covering cropping patterns, systems, plant necessities, and pest management based on the Lecture 2 transcript.

Cropping pattern

An arrangement of crops in a particular land area.

Square pattern

The most used cropping method where plants are at right angles to each other, with row-to-row and plant-to-plant distances kept similar.

Triangular pattern

A system where trees in alternate rows (2nd, 4th, 6th) are planted midway between trees in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th rows.

Hexagonal pattern

A system where trees are planted at the corners of equilateral triangles, accommodating $15\%$ more trees than the square system.

Rectangular pattern

A system where the plot is divided into rectangles and trees are planted at the four corners in straight rows at right angles.

Mono-cropping (penanaman tunggal)

A system where a single species of crop is planted in an area at a time without intercropping with another species.

Mixed cropping (penanaman campuran)

A system where two or more crop species are planted in an area at the same time, arranged in alternate rows or a haphazard fashion.

Rotational cropping (tanaman giliran)

A system where one crop species is planted in one season and a different species is planted in the next season to utilize various soil levels.

Cash cropping (penanaman kontan)

A system where a short-term crop (annual or biennial) is planted between the rows of a main perennial crop while waiting for the main crop to produce yield.

Integrated farming

A sustainable agriculture approach combining crop species, livestock, and aquaculture (fish rearing) in an integrated manner.

Organic farming

A form of agriculture relying on non-chemical techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control.

Agro-forestry

A system where industrial, food, or fruit crops are inter-planted with forest species like sentang, jati, or kapur baji.

Growing media

A substance through which roots grow and extract water and nutrients, which can be native soil or artificial soil.

Cocopeat

A growing medium derived from coconut husks used to enhance soil drainage properties.

Perlite

A growing medium made from expanded volcanic glass heated to $1000^{\circ}\text{C}$ until it expands; it is extremely porous and can absorb water.

Peat moss

A medium composed of partially decomposed plants such as moss or grass, typically found in bogs and swampy areas.

Sand

A naturally occurring granular material used to promote proper airflow in garden soil.

Fertilizer

Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin added to the soil to supply essential plant nutrients.

Straight fertilizer

A type of fertilizer that contributes only a single nutrient to the crops, such as urea or rock phosphate.

Mixed fertilizer

A mixture of more than one straight fertilizer which can supply more than one plant nutrient element.

Compound fertilizer

Fertilizers that contain multiple nutrients in each individual granule, allowing for uniform distribution of micronutrients.

Broadcasting

The process of spreading fertilizer over the entire soil area evenly and uniformly.

Top Dressing

The spreading of fertilizer on closely sown standing crops, ensuring no direct contact with the plant to avoid burning.

Basal Application

The uniform spreading and mixing of fertilizers into the soil during the sowing or planting time.

Plough Sole placement

A method where fertilizer is placed at the bottom of the plough furrow in a continuous band during ploughing.

Deep placement

The point placement of a large fertilizer pallet (briquette) near the root zone at a depth of $7-10\,\text{cm}$ within 7 days after transplanting.

Foliar Application

The application of small amounts of fertilizer or minerals through direct spraying onto the plant leaves.

Fertigation

The distribution of water-soluble fertilizers and chemicals through an irrigation system.

Nitrogen (N)

An essential nutrient that promotes rapid growth, increases leaf size and quality, and hastens plant maturity.

Phosphorus (P)

A nutrient needed to promote photosynthesis, protein formation, seed germination, and root growth.

Potassium (K)

A nutrient that promotes the formation of sugars for protein synthesis, fruit development, and increases disease resistance.

Pesticides

Substances or mixtures intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating pests.

Exclusion

Management practices designed to keep pathogens, vectors, and infected plants out of disease-free areas.

Eradication

The elimination, destruction, or inactivation of a disease organism after it has become established.

Protection

Establishing a chemical or physical barrier, such as row covers or fungicides, between the host and the cause of a disease.

Resistance

A control method focused on planting varieties with altered genetic systems to make them less susceptible to disease organisms.

Blackspot

A fungal disease forming black, round spots on the upper sides of leaves, commonly found on roses.

Powdery Mildew

A fungal disease identified by a white powdery substance visible on leaf surfaces, stems, or flower buds.

Canker

Sunken, swollen, cracked, or dead areas on stems, limbs, or trunks caused by fungal or bacterial pathogens.