Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the nervous system responsible for the involuntary control of various body systems.
Reflex arc
A sensory integrative motor pathway that controls autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes.
Parasympathetic
The division of the autonomic nervous system that controls the "rest and digest" response.
Sympathetic
The division of the autonomic nervous system that controls the "fight or flight" response.
Dual Innervation
The presence of both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation in an organ, allowing for precise control.
Effect on parasympathetic
The overall effect: rest and digest
Effect of sympathetic
The overall effect: fight or flight
Motor/Efferent Pathway of ANS
The two-neuron pathway that carries information from the CNS to effector tissues.
Preganglionic neuron
The neuron that carries impulses from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion.
Postganglionic neuron
The neuron that carries impulses from the autonomic ganglion to the effector tissue in the periphery.
Characteristics of Sympathetic
short preganglionic axon, long postganglionic axon
divergence of nerves
preganglionic cell bodies in spinal cord, postganglionic cell bodies in paravertebral chain ganglia or collateral ganglia
Characteristic of Parasympathetic
long preganglionic, short postganglionic
not very divergent
preganglionic cell bodies in brain stem and sacral spinal cord, postganglionic cell bodies in or near autonomic effectors (organs)
Receptors and Neurotransmitters of ANS
acetylcholine, norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons in the ANS, binds to specific cholinergic receptors
the cholinergic receptors
muscarinic and nicotinic
nicotinic receptors location
on all postganglionic neuron cell bodies in both divisions
muscanaric receptors location
on all effector cells (eg. organs) of parasympathetic division, promotes rest and digest
also on sweat glands in sympathetic, promotes sweat secretion
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons in the ANS, binds to specific adrenergic receptors
the adrenergic receptors
alpha and beta, only in sympathetic system
alpha receptors locaiton
found on smooth muscles of blood vessels, causes vasoconstriction for increase in blood pressure
beta receptors location
beta 1 found on cardiac muscle of the heart
beta 2 found on smooth muscle of bronchioles in lungs
Sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters
preganglionic: release ACh
postganglioni: mainly NE
Producing sweat: only when ACh stimulates the sweat glands
Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters
preganglionic: releases ACh
postganglionic: releases ACh
General and Special Senses
The different types of sensory receptors and their functions.
Receptor Potential
The development of a potential in a sensory receptor in response to a stimulus.
Principle of Adaptation
The decrease in receptor potential over time in response to continuous stimuli.
Special Sense Receptors
Receptors that receive input for smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium.
General sense organs
Widely distributed receptors that sense touch, temperature, and other general sensations.
Free Nerve Endings
The simplest and most widely distributed sensory receptors.
Encapsulated nerve endings
Sensory receptors with a connective tissue capsule surrounding the ends.
corpuscles for touch, vibrations, etc
stretch receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon)
Classification By Location
exteroceptors (body surface), visceroceptors(internal organs), proprioceptors (tonic and pasic)
By type of Stimulus Detected
mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, osmoreceptors
By Selectivity and Sensitivity
thermoreceptor sensitivity, discriminative (fine) touch, cutaneous sensation
Referred Pain
Pain felt in an area of the body that is different from the actual source of the pain.
from convergence of sensory nerves