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What is a digital system?

A digital system is any device that uses data to perform tasks, following the Input → Process → Output model.

What does the Input → Process → Output model consist of?

Input: Data enters the system; Process: The system interprets or changes the data; Output: The system gives a result.

What is the difference between hardware and software?

Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer (e.g., CPU, monitor), while software includes programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do.

What is data?

Data refers to raw facts with no meaning yet, such as numbers, words, or measurements.

What is information?

Information is data that has been organized so it makes sense, like a table, a graph, or a summary.

What is knowledge?

Knowledge is the understanding gained from information, knowing what the data means and how to use it.

What is data visualisation?

Data visualisation means turning data into graphs, charts, maps, or diagrams to make patterns easier to see.

What are some common types of charts in data visualisation and their uses?

Bar chart: Compare categories; Line graph: Show change over time; Pie chart: Show percentages of a whole; Column chart: Vertical comparison; Scatter plot: Show relationships between two variables.

What are the key elements of a good chart?

A clear title, labels on axes, correct scale, legend if needed, and readable colours without clutter.

How can data be collected?

Data can be collected through surveys, sensors, or existing datasets.

What characterizes high-quality data?

High-quality data should be accurate, reliable, up-to-date, complete, and unbiased.

What does it mean to clean data?

Cleaning data involves removing duplicates, fixing errors, correcting wrong values, filling or removing missing data, and sorting data into categories.

What makes a graph misleading?

A graph can be misleading if it uses a broken axis, exaggerates differences, uses confusing colours, leaves out labels, or shows only part of the data.

What is a dashboard?

A dashboard is a screen that shows multiple charts and data summaries to help users make quick decisions.

What is UI and UX?

UI (User Interface) refers to what the user sees, while UX (User Experience) pertains to how the user feels about interacting with a product.

What factors should be considered in digital solution design?

Consider purpose, audience, accessibility, usability, security, and aesthetics when designing a digital product.

How is data transmitted over the internet?

Data is transmitted in packets — tiny pieces of information that include data, destination address, and error-checking information.

What do bandwidth and latency refer to in network performance?

Bandwidth refers to how much data can move at once, while latency is the delay before data starts moving.

What is encryption in data security?

Encryption scrambles data so that only authorized individuals can read it.

What are common cybersecurity threats?

Common threats include viruses, phishing emails, malware, spyware, ransomware, and identity theft.

What is a digital footprint?

A digital footprint is everything you leave behind online, including posts, comments, searches, likes, and photos.

What is data ethics?

Data ethics involves using data fairly and responsibly, alongside respecting copyright and ensuring AI safety.

What are the basics of computational thinking?

Computational thinking involves decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithms.

What is an algorithm?

An algorithm is a clear, step-by-step solution to a problem.

What is pseudocode?

Pseudocode is writing algorithms in simple English for easier understanding.

What does branching mean in programming?

Branching refers to making decisions in algorithms using IF/THEN statements.

What is iteration in programming?

Iteration involves loops that repeat until a specified condition is met.