OT Final Study Guide

Activity

An ____ is a specific task or action that a person performs.

Occupation

An ____ is a meaningful, purposeful activity that a person needs, wants, or is expected to do as part of their life.

Activity analysis

_____ is the process of examining an activity to determine the demands required to successfully complete it.

Why is activity analysis important in OT

OTs ____ ______ so they can:

• Determine what skills are required

• Identify potential barriers

• Modify an activity to make it easier or harder

• Choose appropriate interventions

• Help a client participate successfully

• Match activities to a client's abilities, needs, and goals

Activity Analysis vs. Occupational Analysis

Term 1: Looks at the activity itself, regardless of the individual performing it. -”What does this activity require?"

Term 2: Looks at the person performing the occupation in their real-life context. - "How does this particular person perform this occupation in their environment?"

Why Do OTs Analyze Demands?

____ ______ the demands of activities and occupations to:

1. Determine what skills are necessary.

2. Identify what might make participation difficult.

3. Identify strengths and limitations.

4. Modify the activity or environment.

5. Select appropriate interventions.

6. Promote safe and successful occupational performance.

Steps of Activity Analysis

Step 1: Identify the activity

Clearly identify what activity is being analyzed.

Example: Making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

Step 2: Determine the steps

Break the activity down into the specific actions needed to complete it.

Example:

1. Get bread.

2. Get peanut butter.

3. Get jelly.

4. Spread peanut butter.

5. Spread jelly.

6. Put bread together.

7. Cut sandwich.

Step 3: Identify objects used

Determine the tools, equipment, and materials required.

Example:

• Bread

• Peanut butter

• Knife

• Plate

Step 4: Identify space/environment

Determine where the activity occurs and what environmental conditions are required.

Consider:

• Surface

• Lighting

• Temperature

• Noise

• Space

• Ventilation

• Humidity

Step 5: Identify social interaction demands

Determine whether the activity requires interaction with other people.

Example:

• Communicating with a customer

• Following a teacher's directions

• Working with coworkers

Step 6: Identify required performance skills

Determine what skills are needed.

Motor skills

• Reaches

• Grips

• Coordinates

• Lifts

• Walks

Process skills

• Initiates

• Sequences

• Organizes

• Attends

• Terminates

Social interaction skills

• Approaches

• Speaks

• Gestures

• Takes turns

• Responds appropriately

Step 7: Identify body functions/structures

Consider the physical and cognitive functions needed.

Examples:

• Strength

• Range of motion

• Balance

• Vision

• Attention

• Memory

• Coordination

Step 8: Determine timing and sequencing

Identify:

• How long the activity takes

• The order of steps

• Which steps must happen before others

Step 9: Determine potential hazards

Identify safety concerns.

Example:

• Sharp objects

• Hot surfaces

• Slippery floors

Step 10: Determine possible adaptations

Think about how the activity could be:

• Simplified

• Graded

• Modified

• Made safer

• Made more challenging

Modalities

_______ are therapeutic methods or techniques used to prepare a person for participation in occupation.

They can include physical agents or other preparatory techniques.

Preparatory methods

_________ are interventions used to prepare the client for occupational participation.

They may include:

• Sensory input

• Therapeutic exercise

• Physical agent modalities

• Orthotics/splinting

Sensory Input

Uses sensory stimulation to influence performance.

Examples:

• Touch

• Pressure

• Movement

• Temperature

• Proprioception

Therapeutic Exercise

Exercises designed to improve physical abilities needed for occupation.

Examples:

• Strengthening

• Stretching

• Range of motion

• Endurance exercises

• Balance exercises

Physical Agent Modalities (PAMs)

Use physical energy to produce a therapeutic effect.

Examples can include:

• Heat

• Cold

• Electrical stimulation

• Ultrasound

Orthotics/Splinting

Devices used to:

• Support a body part

• Protect a body part

• Improve positioning

• Prevent deformity

• Improve function

Purposeful activities

_______ are activities that are selected because they contribute to a therapeutic goal and are meaningful or relevant to the client.

Example:

• Practicing buttoning using a shirt to improve fine motor skills.

The activity is therapeutic, but it may not necessarily be the person's actual occupation.

Occupation-based activities

______-_____-______ involve participation in an actual occupation that is meaningful to the client.

Example:

• A client who wants to return to cooking prepares an actual meal in their kitchen.

Remember:

Preparatory → prepares you for occupation
Purposeful → therapeutic activity with a goal
Occupation-based → actual meaningful occupation

Moral Treatment

_____ _________ was an approach to mental health care that emphasized treating people with dignity, respect, kindness, and humane care.

It moved away from harsh treatment of people with mental illness.

Key idea: Treat the person as a human being, not simply as a diagnosis

Arts and Crafts Movement

The ___ ___ _____ _______ emphasized meaningful work, creativity, craftsmanship, and participation in productive activities.

It influenced OT because practitioners recognized that engaging in meaningful activities could support:

• Health

• Well-being

• Purpose

• Skill development

Philosophical Base of OT

A major philosophical foundation of OT is the belief that:

Engagement in meaningful occupation can promote health, well-being, and participation in life.

OT views people as whole individuals and recognizes the importance of meaningful activity.

Occupational Therapy Practitioner

An ________ ________ ________ includes:

• Occupational therapists (OTs)

• Occupational therapy assistants (OTAs)

They work with people to support participation in meaningful occupations.

Persons

________ are individuals who receive OT services.

They may be:

• Children

• Adults

• Older adults

• People with disabilities

• People recovering from injury or illness

Groups

A _____ is a collection of individuals who share something in common and may participate together.

Example:

• Group therapy

• Parenting group

• Community exercise group

Populations

________ are larger groups of people who share characteristics, needs, or circumstances.

Example:

• Older adults

• Veterans

• People experiencing homelessness

Communities

A ________ is a group of people connected by location, shared interests, identity, or other characteristics.

Know the major OTPF-4 occupations:

1. ADLs – Activities of Daily Living

2. IADLs – Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

3. Health management

4. Rest and sleep

5. Education

6. Work

7. Play

8. Leisure

9. Social participation

What is an ADL

Basic self-care:

• Bathing

• Dressing

• Eating

• Toileting

• Grooming

What is an IADL

More complex daily tasks:

• Cooking

• Cleaning

• Shopping

• Managing finances

• Managing medications

• Transportation

Domain

The _____ describes the areas OT focuses on.

It includes:

• Occupations

• Contexts

• Performance patterns

• Performance skills

• Client factors

Think:

____ = WHAT OT addresses

Process

The _____ describes how OT practitioners provide services.

It includes:

• Evaluation

• Intervention

• Outcomes

Think:

______ = HOW OT provides services

Timing

_____ refers to when something happens and how long it takes.

Example:

• Brushing your teeth for two minutes

• Taking medication at 8 AM

Sequence

________ refers to the order in which steps occur.

Example:

1. Pick up toothbrush

2. Apply toothpaste

3. Brush teeth

4. Rinse

5. Put toothbrush away

Methods for Determining Key Steps

When determining important steps of an activity, you can:

Observe

Watch someone perform the activity.

Interview

Ask the person how they perform the activity.

Demonstrate

Have someone show you how they perform it.

Break down the activity

Identify every individual step.

Analyze the sequence

Determine which steps must happen in a particular order.

Co-Occupation

A _______ ______ occurs when an occupation involves two or more people whose participation is interdependent.

In other words, one person's actions are connected to another person's actions.

Examples:

• Parent feeding a baby

• Caregiver helping someone bathe

• Parent and child playing together

• Partners preparing a meal together

Key word:

Interdependent

Objects

______ are the things used during an activity. Important parts of activity analysis.

Examples:

• Toothbrush

• Fork

• Pencil

• Clothing

• Computer

Supplies

Items that are generally used up or consumed.

Examples:

• Paper

• Soap

• Paint

• Glue

• Food

Equipment

Tools or objects that are generally reusable.

Examples:

• Scissors

• Wheelchair

• Computer

• Oven

• Exercise equipment

Space

______ refers to the physical environment where the activity occurs. Includes 6 Qualities

Surface

The physical area where the activity takes place.

Examples:

• Table

• Floor

• Countertop

• Bed

Lighting

Consider:

• Bright vs. dim

• Natural vs. artificial

• Glare

• Shadows

Temperature

Is the environment:

• Hot?

• Cold?

• Comfortable?

Humidity

How much moisture is in the air.

Noise

Consider:

• Loud vs. quiet

• Background noise

• Distractions

Ventilation

How air moves through the environment.

What are performance skills

There are three major categories:

1. Motor skills

2. Process skills

3. Social interaction skills

Motor Skills

______ skills are observable actions related to moving and physically interacting with objects and the environment.

Examples:

• Bending

• Gripping

• Reaching

• Lifting

• Walking

• Coordinating movements

• Manipulating objects

Think:

_______ = movement

Process Skills

_______ ____ are observable actions related to organizing, planning, sequencing, and adapting performance.

Examples:

• Initiating a task

• Choosing appropriate tools

• Sequencing steps

• Organizing materials

• Problem-solving

• Adjusting performance

• Completing a task

Think:

______ = thinking/organizing the task

Social Interaction Skill

_______ ________ skills are observable behaviors used when interacting with other people.

Examples:

• Speaking

• Gesturing

• Taking turns

• Asking questions

• Responding appropriately

• Expressing emotions

• Maintaining appropriate eye contact

• Cooperating

Think:

_______ = interacting with people

Occupational Patterns

________ ______ describe the way occupations are organized into people's lives.

The major concepts you need to know are:

• Habits

• Routines

• Roles

• Rituals

Habits

_______ are automatic behaviors that occur regularly, often with little conscious thought.

Examples:

• Brushing your teeth before bed

• Checking your phone when you wake up

• Always putting your keys in the same place

Key word:

Automatic

Routines

_______ are established sequences of occupations or activities that are performed regularly.

Example:

Morning _______:

1. Wake up

2. Shower

3. Get dressed

4. Eat breakfast

5. Go to school/work

Key word:

Sequence

Roles

_______ are socially defined positions or identities that influence how a person behaves and what occupations they participate in.

Examples:

• Student

• Parent

• Employee

• Friend

• Caregiver

• Athlete

Key word:

Identity

Rituals

_______ are symbolic actions or sequences that have special meaning and significance.

Examples:

• Family holiday traditions

• Religious practices

• Birthday traditions

• Saying a specific goodnight phrase to a child

Key word:

Meaning