Speech Audience Analysis and Supporting Materials in Public Speaking

2. What does it mean to say people are egocentric? How does this affect speakers?

People interpret messages based on their own experiences and concerns. This requires speakers to show relevance, choose relatable examples, and explain why the topic matters to the audience.

3. Five demographic traits and why each matters:

Age: Affects experiences and interests.Gender: Helps avoid insensitive assumptions. Religion: Helps the speaker avoid offending values. Racial/Ethnic/Cultural background: Influences perspectives; requires cultural sensitivity. Group membership: Indicates shared interests and viewpoints.

4. How can you get information about an audience?

Through observation, conversation, interviews, and questionnaires.

5. Three types of questionnaire questions and why use all three:

Fixed-alternative: Easy to analyze but limited. Scale: Shows intensity of attitudes. Open-ended: Provides depth and detail. Using all gives both numerical and descriptive information.

6. How to adapt your speech before and during:

Before: Adjust language, content, evidence, and examples to the audience. During: Observe feedback, clarify confusing points, adjust pace or wording, and relate more directly to listeners.

1. Why do you need supporting materials?

Supporting materials clarify ideas, make points more interesting, provide evidence, and increase credibility.

2. Three kinds of examples and how to use them:

Brief: Quick illustrations for clarity. Extended: Detailed stories adding emotional or dramatic impact. Hypothetical: Imagined scenarios useful when real examples are scarce.

3. Five tips for using examples:

Use them to clarify, personalize, make vivid, combine with statistics, and practice delivering them effectively.

4. Why is it easy to lie with statistics? Three reliability questions:

Statistics can be manipulated by using biased samples or misleading presentations.Ask: Are they representative? Are they from a reliable source? Are they measured or interpreted correctly?

5. Six tips for using statistics:

Use accurate numbers, use sparingly, explain clearly, round numbers, use visual aids, and relate them to your audience.

6. What is testimony? Difference between expert and peer testimony:

Testimony is quoting others. Expert testimony comes from specialists, while peer testimony comes from everyday individuals with firsthand experience.

7. Four tips for using testimony:

Quote accurately, use qualified sources, use unbiased sources, and identify your sources clearly.

8. Four pieces needed in oral citations:

Author/speaker, qualifications, publication/source, and date.

1. How does language help create our sense of reality?

Language shapes how we interpret and understand the world by labeling experiences and influencing perceptions.

2. Denotative vs. connotative meaning:

Denotative is literal; connotative is emotional. Both are used to clarify ideas and create emotional impact.

3. Four criteria for effective language:

Use language clearly, vividly, accurately, and appropriately.

4. Two ways to bring speeches to life:

Use imagery and rhythmic language.

5. What does it mean to use language appropriately?

Match language to the audience, topic, occasion, and personal speaking style.

6. Why use inclusive language? Four widely accepted usages:

Inclusive language respects all listeners. Avoid generic "he," use gender-neutral terms, avoid stereotyping roles, and use inclusive group labels.

1. Difference between informative and persuasive speeches:

Informative speeches explain; persuasive speeches attempt to change beliefs or actions. Persuasion is harder because audiences resist change.

2. Mental dialogue and its implications:

Listeners evaluate and question arguments as they listen. Speakers must anticipate objections and answer them.

3. What is the target audience?

The specific part of the audience you most want to influence.

4. Question of fact example:

A persuasive speech on fact argues a debatable truth. Example purpose: "To persuade my audience that space travel will be possible for civilians within 20 years."

5. Question of value example:

A value speech argues whether something is good, bad, right, or wrong. Example purpose: "To persuade my audience that honesty is more important than loyalty."

6. Question of policy example:

A policy speech argues for a specific action. Example purpose: "To persuade my audience to support federal funding for renewable energy."

7. Passive agreement vs immediate action:

Passive agreement seeks acceptance; immediate action seeks behavior change.

8. Three basic issues in policy speeches:

Need (problem), plan (solution), practicality (solution effectiveness).

9. Four common organizational methods:

Problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, comparative advantages, Monroe's motivated sequence.

10. Five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence:

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action. It works well because it builds psychological motivation and ends with a clear call for action.

Ten logical fallacies:

Hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty.

Role of emotional appeal and how to create it:

Emotional appeal motivates listeners. It can be created through vivid examples, emotional language, and sincere delivery.