Chapter 8 - Vitamins in progress

Which food is the BEST source of niacin?

tomatoes

bananas

liver

brown rice

liver

Which food is the BEST source of riboflavin?

broccoli

skim milk

chicken

orange juice

skim milk

What group of individuals is recommended to consume a significant amount of their vitamin B₁₂ intake from fortified foods or supplements?

elderly individuals

young children

pregnant women

individuals with pernicious anemia

elderly individuals

Assume that the total mass of folate plus folic acid ingested in each of these choices is the same. Which choice will result in the LOWEST amount of the vitamin entering the body?

supplement consumed by itself

salad containing asparagus, avocados, and spinach

supplement consumed with an apple

consuming cereals enriched with folic acid

salad containing asparagus, avocados, and spinach

The leading cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is:

chronic alcohol abuse.

a vegan diet.

lack of whole grains consumption.

low intake of dairy products.

chronic alcohol abuse.

Pernicious anemia is caused by:

increased excretion of vitamin B₁₂.

a failure to produce intrinsic factor.

inadequate production of gastric acid.

elevated intake of vitamin B₁₂.

a failure to produce intrinsic factor.

What information on the food label will tell you if the product has been enriched with nutrients?

serving size

Percent Daily Value of a specific nutrient

ingredients list

total calories

ingredients list

What happens after you consume water-soluble vitamins?

They are freely absorbed into the circulation.

They are stored in fat tissue for later use.

Once absorbed, they are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system.

The body immediately destroys them.

They are freely absorbed into the circulation.

Which statement is true regarding the function of thiamin in the body?

It requires intrinsic factor for absorption.

It participates in metabolic reactions that produce water.

It produces sugars for DNA and RNA synthesis.

It participates in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.

It produces sugars for DNA and RNA synthesis.

Individuals with celiac disease often develop vitamin deficiencies. What is the most probable reason for this?

decreased vitamin absorption

decreased vitamin utilization in cells

increased vitamin requirements

increased vitamin breakdown

decreased vitamin absorption

-Celiac disease damages the lining of the small intestine.

How much folate should pregnant women consume daily?

600 mcg food folate

400 mcg folic acid

400 mg food folate

600 mcg folic acid

600 mcg folic acid

Deficiency in which nutrient is rare because of its widespread availability in foods?

thiamin

folate

pantothenic acid

niacin

pantothenic acid

-is exceedingly rare because it is widely distributed in both plant and animal foods.

What is another name for B12? and where is in stored in the body?

cobalamin bcuz its the most complex and contains cobalt….the liver

What does a B12 deficiency look like?

same as folic acid but with tingling in arms & legs

-deficiency increases with age, especially 50+

What are some sources of B12?

poultry, fish, & dairy

Name 3 types of people who MUST take B12 supplements.

vegans, gastric bypass patients, & pernicious anemia

Choline is really not a B vitamin, bcuz its formed from ______.

acetylcholine

Choline deficiency causes what medical problem?

liver damage

You can only OD on Choline by supplements, and it also causes what 2 things?

fishy odor & drop in B/P

Vitamin C is also known as _____.

ascorbic acid

Even though Vitamin C acts an antioxidant, it also causes what disease?

scurvy (bleeding gums, weakness, fatigue, joint px, & frail bones)

What is the UL for Vitamin C? RDA?

2,000 mg ……90mg for men & 75 for women

When it comes to Vitamin C, smokers need what?

the normal RDA + 35mg

Vitamin C deficiency causes what 3 things?

diarrhea, bloating, & kidney stones

Major minerals are called what? and how much do we need daily?

macrominerals…more than 100mg daily

Trace minerals are called what? and how much do we need daily?

microminerals…less than 100mg daily

Name the 7 macrominerals:

sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, & phosphorus

Name the 7 microminerals & then the 2 “extras”:

iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, molybdenum, manganese…..chromium & fluoride

______ are substances made up of a single atom.

elements

Minerals (can/can’t) be destroyed by cooking unlike vitamins.

can’t

Name the 3 binders and one example of each.

phytates (cereal) …. oxalates (spinach) ….polyphenols (coffee/tea)

Bone formation needs ____, ____, & _____.

calcium (for skeleton)…magnesium (for strength & firmness) …..phosphorous (skeleton)

What is the UL for calcium? RDA for men? RDA for women?

2,500 mg…1,000 for men 19-50 y/o…1,000 for women 19-70 y/o