Medical Terminology Final

Affect

external expression of emotion, or emotional response

Amnesia

loss of memory

Apathy

lack of interest or emotion

Compulsion

uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly

Conversion

anxiety becomes a bodily symptom

Fugue

flight from customary surroundings; dissociative disorder

Delirium

mental disorder marked by confusion, changes in alertness, and fearfullness

Delusion

fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence

Dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment

LAbile

Changing rapidly and often

Paranoia

an irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others

Psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Psychiatrist

medical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders

• Can prescribe medications
• Oversees treatments

Psychologist

a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology

• Treats with psychotherapy

Role of PAs/NPs in Psych

• Medications
• Diagnosis
• Treatments

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Causes of Anxiety Disorder

• Hyperthyroidism
• Drugs
• Other Mood Disorders
• Idiopathic

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

1. > 6 months
2. Difficulty controlling worry
3. 3 of the following:

• Restless
• Fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability
• Muscular Tension
• Sleep Disturbance

1. Symptoms cause significant distress or social impairment
2. Not drug-induced
3. Not better explained with other conditions

S+S of Anxiety Disorders

• Motor Tension
• Inability to Relax
• Autonomic Hyperactivity
• Apprehensive Expectations
• Vigilance and Scanning

Phobic Disorders

disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Agoraphobia

An abnormal fear of open or public places

Claustrophobia

fear of enclosed or narrow spaces

Acrophobia

fear of heights

Diagnosis of Specific Phobia

The following for > 6 months:

• Anxiety/Fear about a Stimulus greater than actual risk
• Occurs every time with the stimulus
• Avoidance of stimulus
• Impairment from the fear/anxiety

Social Anxiety Disorder

intense fear of social situations for possibility of humiliation/embarrassment

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A disorder that develops fear, flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety due to a traumatic event

Diagnosis of PTSD

1. Stressor

• 1A. Exposure to traumatic event, directly or indirectly.
• 1B. Response involves fear

1. Re-Experience (Need 1)

• Intrusive Thoughts
• Nightmare
• Flashback
• Emotional Distress

1. Avoidance of Trauma-Related Stimuli
2. Negative Cognitions (Need 2)

• Inability to recall event
• Overly negative thoughts
• Exaggerated blame
• Decreased interest
• Isolation
• Diffculty expercing positive affect
• Negative Affect

1. Hyperarousal (Need 2)

• Aggression
• Risky Behavior
• Hyperviligint
• Heighthened Startle Reaction
• Diffculty concentration
• Diffcult sleep

1. Duration > 1 month
2. Significant Distress
3. Can't be due to drugs or other conditions

Bipolar I Disorder

alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

Mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Bipolar II Disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Hypomania

A mild manic state in which the individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless.

Depressive Disorders

general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities.

Adjustment Disorder

an emotional disturbance caused by ongoing stressors within the range of common experience

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods

Dysthymia

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression but lasts longer

Cyclothymia

disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Causes of Depressive Disorder

• Idiopathic
• Life Changes
• Divorce
• Crisis
• Illness
• Drug/Substance Abuse
• Birthing
• Menstruation
• Menopause

S+S of Depressive Disorders

• Anhedonia
• Feeling of guilt, worthlessness, or melancholy
• Cognitive impairment
• Anxiety
• Fatigue
• Insomnia or Hypersomnia
• Anorexia
• Constipation
• Suicidal ideation
• Psychotic Ideations

Dissociative Disorder

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Identity Disorder

Two or more distinct personalities take control of a person's behavior; each identity has very specific traits

Dissociative Amnesia

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

depersonalization/derealization disorder

a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

Depresonalization

nonspecific feeling that a person has lost identity; self is different or unreal

Derealization

experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Causes of Anorexia Nervosa

• Idiopathic
• Achievement-Oriented Household
• Destructive relationships
• Excessive familial concerns

S+S of Anorexia Nervosa

• Emaciation
• Cold Intolerance
• Constipation
• Amenorrhea
• Bradycardia
• Hypotension
• Hypothermia
• Dry Skin
• Increased lanugo hair
• Parotid Enlargement
• Edema

Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa

• History and Physical Examination
• Decreased LH and FSH
• Anemia
• Leukopenia
• Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
• Electrolyte abnormalities

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Causes of Bulimia Nervosa

• Idiopathic
• Stress
• Psychiatric Factors

S+S of Bulimia Nervosa

• Binge Eating
• Fluctuating Body Weight
• Self-Induced Vomiting
• Excessive Diuretic use
• Strict dieting and vigorous exercise
• Impulsive antisocial behavior
• Gastric Dilation
• Pancreatitis
• Infections of Pharynx and Esophagus

Difference between Delirium vs. Dementia

• Delirium = Acute Onset with fluctuations
• Dementia = Sudden Onset w/ Gradual Decline

Cause of Delirium

• External Toxins
• Meds
• Metabolic Abnormality
• CNS Abnormality
• Change in Patient's Routine

High Risk for Delirium

• Sick Elderly
• Post CABG
• Brain Damage
• Burn Patients
• HIV

Alzheimer's Disease

the most common form of dementia, in which structural and chemical brain deterioration is associated with gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behavior

Frontotemporal Dementia

Frontal and temporal regions degenerate, resulting in badly impaired emotional stability, decision-making and language use

Subcortical Dementia

Caused by damage to the basil ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

a group of conditions manifested early in development

Intellectual Disability Disorder

a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains

Communication Disorders

persistent problems in understanding or producing language

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Specific Learning Disorders

difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities

Motor Disorders

a group of disorders characterized by motor symptoms such as tics, stereotypic movements, or dyscoordination

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Body Morphic Disorder

OCD w/ negative body perceptions

Hoarding Disorder

a disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items

Trichotillomania

hair pulling disorder

Dermatillomania

compulsive skin picking

Personality Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Cluster A Personality Disorders

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Schizoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Schizotypical Personality Disorder (Cluster A)

a personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd forms of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

Paranoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Cluster B personality disorders

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

a psychological disorder characterized by a prolonged disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstable personal relationships, identity problems

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance

Cluster C Personality Disorders

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Dependent Personality

an excessive need to be taken care of, fear of separation, and clinging behavior

obessive-compulsive personality disorder

pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

avoidant personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Causes of Schizophrenia

• Idiopathic
• Genetic Factors

S+S of Schizophrenia

Positive

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Though Disorder
• Bizarre Behavior
  Negative
• Flat affect
• Loose thought associations
• Anhedonia
• Social Withdrawal
• Loss of ego boundaries
• concrete thinking

catatonic schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods

Disorganized Schizophrenia

disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Paranoid Schizophernia

have delusions and hallucinations frequently feel like they're persecuted and delusions of grandeur

Somatoform Disorders

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

Conversion Disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Delirium Tremens

the dramatic physical and psychological effects of alcohol withdrawal

• Hallucination
• Disorientation
• Tachycardia
• HTN
• Hyperthermia
• Seizures

Psychotherapy

consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

A therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy with the goal of developing self-efficacy.

Family Therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Group Therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction