Water_Minerals HNF 150

Major Roles of Water

Solvent, chemical reactions, lubricant around joints, shock absorber, body temp regulation

Causes, Signs, and Symptoms of Dehydration

thirst, dry mouth, dry skin, fatigue, decreased urine output, deep yellow urine, headache, dizziness

Signs of Severe Dehydration

Blood pressure decrease, pulse increase, rapid breathing, confusion, seizures, coma, death

How is water regulated in the body?

In the body: brain and kidneys

Thirst: hypothalamus (pituitary gland secrets hormone, receptors measure solute in blood, blood pressure)

Source of water input and output

Input: Liquids, foods, water created by metabolism

Output: feces, skin, lungs, kidneys

Differences between hard and soft water

Hard: more dissolved minerals, leaves deposits on glasses and fixtures

Soft: softener used to reduce minerals, easier on appliances and pipes, adds sodium to diet

Safety regulations between tap and bottled water

Tap: regulated by EPA Safe Drinking Water Act, testing ((more frequent) results are shared locally, required disinfection, ecoli/coliform ban, filter for pathogens.

Bottled: regulated by FDA (less stringent), testing results not required to be shared

Solvent

the ability to dissolve particles, water is universal solvent

Water Balance

body’s balance between water intake/excretion, tightly controlled (1% corrected within day), kept relatively equal

Dehydration

When you lose more fluid than you take in and cannot replace them, and body cannot carry out it’s normal functions

Diuretics

cause kidneys to release more water into urine,

ex. alcohol, excess salt and sugar, caffeine, meds (can also increase salt in urine)

Electrolytes

compounds that separate into ions within water

Ions

charged particles

Anions: -

Cations: +

Hyponatremia

water toxicity (hypo=low, natremia=sodium)

kidneys cannot remove water fast enough, builds up in blood, water enters the cells and causes them to swell/burst

due to drinking too much water (especially during high-intensity workouts, side effect of some medications, heart, kidney, and liver problems.

The roles of minerals in maintaining fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Minerals form sats that dissolve in body and direct where water goes bc it follows the salt, then separate into electrolytes. To maintain balance, the body moves the electrolytes from one body compartment to another.

Components of food that increases/decreases bioavailability and absorption

Bioavalibility: how much an ingested ingredient nutrient is absorbed and is available in the body

• Food components in bioavailability: minerals, some nutrients, absorption is increased when need is increased (pregangcy, deficiency)

• Food components in mineral absorption:

  • Increase: gastric acidity, Vitamin C (iron absorption), Vitamin D (calcium, potassium, magnesium absorption)

  • Decrease: phytic acid, oxalic acid, polyphenols, high dose of single minerals

Iodine

Main Function: Synthesis of thyroid hormone (metabolism, brain/nervous system

Deficiency: Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) Cretinism (during pregnancy, impaired fetal development)

Best Way to Obtain: iodized salt, processed foods, seafood, dairy

Zinc

Main Functions: help your immune system fight of diseases, works with proteins to help enzymes

Deficiency: night blindness, lack of appetite, impaired taste/immunity, diarrhea

Best Way to Obtain: red meat, seafood, nuts, legumes, whole grians, diary

Fluoride

Main Functions: remineralization of tooth enamel

Deficiency: no disease, toxicity = Fluorosis (teeth discoloration)

Best Way to Obtain: fluoridated water, toothpaste, tea, seafood/seaweed

Calcium

Main Functions: muscle functions, nerve transmission, blood pressure/clotting, muscle contraction/heartbeat, insulin release

Deficiency: Osteoporosis (bone loss), Osteopenia (low bone mass), Kyphosis (dowager’s hump)

Best Way to Obtain: dairy, leafy greens, non dairy fortified milk, fortified cereals, calcium-set tofu

Magnesium

Main Functions: works with calcium in the body to help the muscles contract

Deficiency: irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasm, disorientation, nausea/seizures, risk of osteoporosis

Best Way to Obtain: whole grains, dark leafy greens with magnesium

Iron

Main Functions: oxygen transport, energy metabolism, immune cell production

Deficiency: Anemia (lack of red blood cells), fatigue, difficulties in daily activities, impaired immunity, cognative/developmental impairment (in children)

Best Way to Obtain: mollusks (heme iron), seeds, beans, veggies, fortified grain/cereals, vitamin C (absorbtion)

Potassium

Main Functions: regulation of water and electrolyte content within cell

Deficiency: Hypokalemia (low blood potassium), kidney stones, not as strong bones

Best Way to Obtain: fruits, veggies, lentils, some beans, nuts, dairy, meats

Sodium

Main Functions: major regulation of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance, thirst

Deficiency: high sodium = high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke; low sodium = hyponatremia,

Best Way to Obtain: processed foods

Selenium

Main Functions: Part of enzyme-protien network, part of antioxidant defense network, necessary to activate thyroid function

Deficiency: keshan’s disease (heart failure ad fluid accumulation in lungs thyroid issues, risk of cancers

Best Way to Obtain: meat, seafood, grains, cereals, brazil nuts

Preventing Osteoporosis and Anemia

Osteoporosis: adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D and k, plant protein; maintain a healthy weight, limit alcohol, eat less sodium, don’t smoke, exercise

Anemia: iron-rich foods, foods rich in vitamin C, taking supplements if need be

The Calcium Paradox

US has high consumption of calcium, but high rate of osteoporosis, Africa has low calcium consumption, but low rate of osteoporosis, diets high in animal protein, phosphorus, low in exercise mean high chance of osteoporosis, consumption of bones in Africa

Foods/factors that impair or enhance iron absorbtion

Impair: grains, tea and dark chocolate, calcium, and lead

Enhance: Vitamin C, MFP Factor

body= demand for red blood cells, low iron stores, heme iron, normal or higher gastric activity

The nutrition care process and how it is utilized in patient settings

1) Nutrition Assessment: diet intake, nutrition and health behaviors, biochemical tests, nutrition focused physical findings, client history, anthropometry, body compositions

2) Diagnoses (Problem related to Etiology as evidenced by Symptoms)

3) Intervention

4) Monitoring/Evaluation

Dietary Guideline for Sodium

2300 mg/day

Major Mineral

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day

Trace Minerals

iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, magneseium, molybdenum

required in amounts less than 100 mg/day

Electrolytes

compounds that partially dissociate in water to form ions, such as the potassium, and the chloride ion

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

the distribution of fluid and dissolved particles/electrolytes among body compartments

Acid-base balance

equilibrium between acid and base concentrations to maintain a proper pH in the body fluids

Osteopersosis

Reduction in bone mass of older people, bones become porous, fragile

Bone Density

measure of bone strength and the degree of mineralization of the bone matrix

Peak Bone Mass

highest bone density, developed during first three decades of life

Hemoglobin

oxygen-carrying protein of blood in red blood cells.

Anemia

Blood condition in which red blood cells are too few or impaired, and body oxygen needs are not met

Hypertension

higher than normal blood pressure, risk for heart disease, related to diet and genetics

Goiter

enlargement of thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency

Crentinism

severe mental and physical retardation of infant caused by mother’s iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Phytates

compounds present in plant foods, that bind iron and may prevent absorption

Oxalic Acid

in some leafy green plants, reduced bioavailibility

Polyphenols

can lower bioavalibility of minerals (tea, chocolate, wine)