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Major Roles of Water
Solvent, chemical reactions, lubricant around joints, shock absorber, body temp regulation
Causes, Signs, and Symptoms of Dehydration
thirst, dry mouth, dry skin, fatigue, decreased urine output, deep yellow urine, headache, dizziness
Signs of Severe Dehydration
Blood pressure decrease, pulse increase, rapid breathing, confusion, seizures, coma, death
How is water regulated in the body?
In the body: brain and kidneys
Thirst: hypothalamus (pituitary gland secrets hormone, receptors measure solute in blood, blood pressure)
Source of water input and output
Input: Liquids, foods, water created by metabolism
Output: feces, skin, lungs, kidneys
Differences between hard and soft water
Hard: more dissolved minerals, leaves deposits on glasses and fixtures
Soft: softener used to reduce minerals, easier on appliances and pipes, adds sodium to diet
Safety regulations between tap and bottled water
Tap: regulated by EPA Safe Drinking Water Act, testing ((more frequent) results are shared locally, required disinfection, ecoli/coliform ban, filter for pathogens.
Bottled: regulated by FDA (less stringent), testing results not required to be shared
Solvent
the ability to dissolve particles, water is universal solvent
Water Balance
body’s balance between water intake/excretion, tightly controlled (1% corrected within day), kept relatively equal
Dehydration
When you lose more fluid than you take in and cannot replace them, and body cannot carry out it’s normal functions
Diuretics
cause kidneys to release more water into urine,
ex. alcohol, excess salt and sugar, caffeine, meds (can also increase salt in urine)
Electrolytes
compounds that separate into ions within water
Ions
charged particles
Anions: -
Cations: +
Hyponatremia
water toxicity (hypo=low, natremia=sodium)
kidneys cannot remove water fast enough, builds up in blood, water enters the cells and causes them to swell/burst
due to drinking too much water (especially during high-intensity workouts, side effect of some medications, heart, kidney, and liver problems.
The roles of minerals in maintaining fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Minerals form sats that dissolve in body and direct where water goes bc it follows the salt, then separate into electrolytes. To maintain balance, the body moves the electrolytes from one body compartment to another.
Components of food that increases/decreases bioavailability and absorption
Bioavalibility: how much an ingested ingredient nutrient is absorbed and is available in the body
Food components in bioavailability: minerals, some nutrients, absorption is increased when need is increased (pregangcy, deficiency)
Food components in mineral absorption:
Increase: gastric acidity, Vitamin C (iron absorption), Vitamin D (calcium, potassium, magnesium absorption)
Decrease: phytic acid, oxalic acid, polyphenols, high dose of single minerals
Iodine
Main Function: Synthesis of thyroid hormone (metabolism, brain/nervous system
Deficiency: Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) Cretinism (during pregnancy, impaired fetal development)
Best Way to Obtain: iodized salt, processed foods, seafood, dairy
Zinc
Main Functions: help your immune system fight of diseases, works with proteins to help enzymes
Deficiency: night blindness, lack of appetite, impaired taste/immunity, diarrhea
Best Way to Obtain: red meat, seafood, nuts, legumes, whole grians, diary
Fluoride
Main Functions: remineralization of tooth enamel
Deficiency: no disease, toxicity = Fluorosis (teeth discoloration)
Best Way to Obtain: fluoridated water, toothpaste, tea, seafood/seaweed
Calcium
Main Functions: muscle functions, nerve transmission, blood pressure/clotting, muscle contraction/heartbeat, insulin release
Deficiency: Osteoporosis (bone loss), Osteopenia (low bone mass), Kyphosis (dowager’s hump)
Best Way to Obtain: dairy, leafy greens, non dairy fortified milk, fortified cereals, calcium-set tofu
Magnesium
Main Functions: works with calcium in the body to help the muscles contract
Deficiency: irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasm, disorientation, nausea/seizures, risk of osteoporosis
Best Way to Obtain: whole grains, dark leafy greens with magnesium
Iron
Main Functions: oxygen transport, energy metabolism, immune cell production
Deficiency: Anemia (lack of red blood cells), fatigue, difficulties in daily activities, impaired immunity, cognative/developmental impairment (in children)
Best Way to Obtain: mollusks (heme iron), seeds, beans, veggies, fortified grain/cereals, vitamin C (absorbtion)
Potassium
Main Functions: regulation of water and electrolyte content within cell
Deficiency: Hypokalemia (low blood potassium), kidney stones, not as strong bones
Best Way to Obtain: fruits, veggies, lentils, some beans, nuts, dairy, meats
Sodium
Main Functions: major regulation of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance, thirst
Deficiency: high sodium = high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke; low sodium = hyponatremia,
Best Way to Obtain: processed foods
Selenium
Main Functions: Part of enzyme-protien network, part of antioxidant defense network, necessary to activate thyroid function
Deficiency: keshan’s disease (heart failure ad fluid accumulation in lungs thyroid issues, risk of cancers
Best Way to Obtain: meat, seafood, grains, cereals, brazil nuts
Preventing Osteoporosis and Anemia
Osteoporosis: adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D and k, plant protein; maintain a healthy weight, limit alcohol, eat less sodium, don’t smoke, exercise
Anemia: iron-rich foods, foods rich in vitamin C, taking supplements if need be
The Calcium Paradox
US has high consumption of calcium, but high rate of osteoporosis, Africa has low calcium consumption, but low rate of osteoporosis, diets high in animal protein, phosphorus, low in exercise mean high chance of osteoporosis, consumption of bones in Africa
Foods/factors that impair or enhance iron absorbtion
Impair: grains, tea and dark chocolate, calcium, and lead
Enhance: Vitamin C, MFP Factor
body= demand for red blood cells, low iron stores, heme iron, normal or higher gastric activity
The nutrition care process and how it is utilized in patient settings
1) Nutrition Assessment: diet intake, nutrition and health behaviors, biochemical tests, nutrition focused physical findings, client history, anthropometry, body compositions
2) Diagnoses (Problem related to Etiology as evidenced by Symptoms)
3) Intervention
4) Monitoring/Evaluation
Dietary Guideline for Sodium
2300 mg/day
Major Mineral
calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur
required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day
Trace Minerals
iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, magneseium, molybdenum
required in amounts less than 100 mg/day
Electrolytes
compounds that partially dissociate in water to form ions, such as the potassium, and the chloride ion
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
the distribution of fluid and dissolved particles/electrolytes among body compartments
Acid-base balance
equilibrium between acid and base concentrations to maintain a proper pH in the body fluids
Osteopersosis
Reduction in bone mass of older people, bones become porous, fragile
Bone Density
measure of bone strength and the degree of mineralization of the bone matrix
Peak Bone Mass
highest bone density, developed during first three decades of life
Hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein of blood in red blood cells.
Anemia
Blood condition in which red blood cells are too few or impaired, and body oxygen needs are not met
Hypertension
higher than normal blood pressure, risk for heart disease, related to diet and genetics
Goiter
enlargement of thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency
Crentinism
severe mental and physical retardation of infant caused by mother’s iodine deficiency during pregnancy
Phytates
compounds present in plant foods, that bind iron and may prevent absorption
Oxalic Acid
in some leafy green plants, reduced bioavailibility
Polyphenols
can lower bioavalibility of minerals (tea, chocolate, wine)