APUSH Period 1

Why 1491-1607?

1491- one year prior to Columbus’ arrival (US history doesn’t start w Columbus’ arrival)

1607- first English settlement Jamestown

Bering Land Bridge

• why is it significant

• First ppl to inhabit North/South American crossed this land bridge

Jamestown, Virginia

• first permanent English settlement in North America

• economic purposes

• 1607

Mississippi People

• Native American civilization that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States

• from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE

San Salvador

• island in present-day Bahamas where Christopher Columbus first landed during his voyage in 1492

Permanent Settlements Southwest

• 3

• Apache, Navajo, Pueblo

• farming corn, beans, maize, and squash

• built permanent settlements into ledges of mesa verde

Permanent Settlements Northwest coast/California

• 4

• developed communities along the ocean to hunt whales and salmon, building wooden lodgings, totem poles, and canoes from surrounding forests

• Tlingit, Chinook, Coos, Chumash

Nomadic Hunter/Gatherer tribes (Great Basin)

• Natives in the Great Plains and surrounding grasslands retained mobile nomadic lifestyles

• Great Plains was more suitable for hunting and gathering, with food sources consisting of rabbits, snakes, birds, nuts, and insects

• Shoshone, Sioux

Arctic and Subarctic Tribes

• Eskimo, Cree

• Igloos, hunting, fishing

Plateau Tribes

• 1

• Nez Perce

• They were skilled horsemen and hunters

• known for their distinct culture and resistance against U.S. expansion into their lands

Southeast Tribes

• 1

• cherokee

• agriculture

First Nation Peoples

refers to indigenous peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis

maize

• corn like crop

• cultivated by aztecs, maya, inca

• establishment of this crop as it spread north supported economic development

• settlement of ppl

Age of Exploration

• 15th-17th centuries

• European nations sent out explorers to discover new trade routes, find wealth, spread Christianity

Bahamas

• archipelago and country in the Atlantic Ocean, located southeast of Florida

• one of the first landfalls for Christopher Columbus in 1492

Caravel

• a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship from the 15th–17th centuries (columbus used 3)

• primarily used for oceanic exploration voyages during these periods

Chesapeake Bay

• largest estuary in the United States, located between Maryland and Virginia.

• played a significant role in early American history as a vital waterway for trade/ settlement

God, Glory, Gold

3 main motivations for European exploration

The Inca Empire

• pre-Columbian civilization located in what is now Peru from around 1400 to 1533 AD.

• Known for their vast empire along South America's Andean mountain range

• developed sophisticated agricultural techniques/architectural feats like Machu Picchu

Aztecs

• known for what 3 things

• Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico from 14th-16th century

• known for their advanced civilization:

  • impressive architecture

  • complex social structures

  • significant contributions to art/science

Land based trade routes

• controlled by who

• europe unable to do what

• 14th-15th centuries land based trade routes mostly controlled by muslims

• europe unable to establish good trade with asia on their own

Trading Post Empire

• By portugal

• all along african cost, found dominance in indian ocean trade

• thanks to maritime technology (ex. caravels)

Columbian Exchange

period of rapid exchange of plants, animals, ideas, technology, and diseases

• Old to new: fruits/veggies, livestock, beans/nuts/grasses, diseases

• New to old: fruits/veggies, beans/nuts/grasses, other plant products (weed), turkeys

• cultural exchange

Spread of diseases

Old to new: mumps, measles, smallpox, typhus

New to old: syphilis

Sarah Bradstreet

• early American settler who lived in Massachusetts during the 17th century

• known for her legal battles over property rights after her husband's death (rare)

Great Basin Region

• expanse covering parts of Nevada, Utah, California, Idaho, Wyoming, Oregon

• characterized by desert conditions with numerous mountain ranges

Taino

• group of indigenous people who lived in the Caribbean and Florida before the arrival of Europeans

• columbus encountered them when he arrived at san salvador

Quebec

• first french settlement in new world

• convert to roman catholicism

Northwest Passage

• connects which oceans

• who sought this passage and why

• sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean

• European explorers sought this passage as a shorter trade route to Asia

• remained largely impassable until the 20th century due to ice

Atlantic Slave Trade

• system where African people were captured, transported across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries

Encomienda System

• labor system instituted by Spain in American colonies

• settlers were granted land/given control over local indigenous people who were forced to work for them in exchange for conversion to Christianity/protection

Triangular Trade

• raw materials sent from colonies→Europe

• manufactured goods from Europe→ Africa

• slaves from Africa→Americas

Middle Passage

• part of the trade where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies

• most brutal part

Indentured Servants

• men and women who signed a contract by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, and shelter

• quickly after slaves were indentured but later all became slaves

Chattel Slavery

• most brutal form of slavery

• people are treated as personal property that can be bought, sold, or given away

• they and their descendants are permanently enslaved

Hernan Cortes

• implemented what

• Led conquistadors and implemented Encomienda System in new spain

Asiento System

• permit given by the Spanish government to other countries, allowing them to sell slaves in Spanish colonies

Caste System

• defined the status of diverse populations under the Spanish empire based on race and ethnicity ancestry

• “pure” spanish elites → spanish but born in new spain → born of spanish/indian parents → native american indians → slaves

Mestizos

• individuals of mixed racial ancestry, specifically of European (Spanish or Portuguese) and indigenous American descent

Bartolome de Las Casas

• considered one of first to do what

• 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar

• became famous for his advocacy for better treatment of Native Americans in Spanish colonies

• considered one of the first advocates for universal human rights

Birth of a New Society

• refers to the establishment and development of the English colonies in North America, which eventually led to the formation of the United States

New Law of 1542

• by who

• issued by King Charles I of Spain

• regulated the Spanish colonies' treatment of indigenous peoples

• effectively ended the encomienda system

Powhatan Nation

• group of Native American tribes that lived in what is now eastern Virginia when English settlers arrived

• They were part of an extensive trade network

• had complex social structures.

Theodor de Bry

• Flemish engraver, goldsmith, editor and publisher

• known for his engravings of the New World.

• played a significant role in shaping European perceptions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia

Virginia Company

• by who

• purpose

• joint-stock company chartered by King James I

• purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.

Feudalism

Peasants work for wealthy person for protection

Joint-stock companies

• Large, investor-backed companies that sponsored European exploration and colonization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries