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Communism
A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. It emerged as a response to the inequalities generated by industrial capitalism, seeking to create a system where wealth and resources are distributed according to need.
Labor Movements
Collective efforts by workers to improve their rights and conditions, often through strikes and unions, emerging in response to industrialization and exploitation.
Women’s Suffrage
The movement advocating for women's right to vote, gaining momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as part of broader social and political reforms. Influenced by Enlightenment ideas about inequality and rights.
Working Class
The social group consisting of people employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work, who often faced harsh conditions during the rise of industrialization.
Cult of Domesticity
A prevailing value system in the 19th century that emphasized women's roles in the home as wives and mothers, promoting ideals of piety, purity, submission, and domesticity.
Tenements
Multi-family urban dwellings that emerged in the 19th century, primarily to accommodate the influx of immigrants and workers during the Industrial Revolution. These buildings often housed numerous families in small, cramped spaces, reflecting the rapid urbanization and population growth in cities.
Utilitarianism
A philosophical theory that advocates for the greatest happiness for the greatest number, emphasizing the outcomes of actions as the basis for their moral value.
Socialism
An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, aiming to achieve greater social equality.
Limited Liability Corporations
Business structures that protect owners from personal liability for corporate debts, encouraging investment by limiting financial risk.
Transnational Corporations
Large companies that operate in multiple countries, often influencing global trade and economics.
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are driven by profit and market competition.
Laissez-Faire
An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing free market forces to regulate production and prices.
Muhammad Ali
Had a series of modernization efforts undertaken in Egypt during the early 19th century aimed at transforming the county into a powerful and industrialized state.
Factory System
A method of manufacturing that emerged during the Industrial revolution, characterized by the centralized production of goods in large-scale factories.
Steam Engine
Heat engines that convert the energy stored in steam into mechanical work; fundamentally transporting transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution.
Cottage Industry
A system of production where goods are produced at home or in small workshops, often using hand tools, prevalent before the rise of factories during the Industrial Revolution.
Enclosure Movement
A series of legislative acts that transformed common land into privately owned property in England during the 18th and 19th centuries. Laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution by creating a labor force for urban factories.
Meiji Restoration
Pivotal event in Japan during the late 19th century that marked the end of feudal rule and the beginning of modernization and industrialization under Emperor Meiji. Led to significant changes in Japan’s political, economic, and social structures, establishing it as a major world power.
Industrial Revolution
A period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic, and cultural conditions of the times.
Italian and German Unification
The political process in the mid-19th century where the separate states of the Italian peninsula and the German Confederation came together to form unified nations, primarily driven by nationalist sentiments and political maneuvering, resulting in the creation of the Kingdom of Italy and the German empire.
Nationalism
An ideology where people with a shared culture, language, history, and identity believe they should have their own political state and govern themselves.
Jamaica Letter/Simon Bolivar
A document written by Simón Bolívar in 1815, outlining his vision for Latin America's independence and the challenges faced in achieving it. It expressed his frustrations with colonial rule and called for unity among the nations of Latin America.
Declaration of Independence
Historic document adopted on July 4, 1776, declaring the American colonies’ separation from British rule. It articulated the Enlightenment principles of individual rights, govern by consent, and the right of the people to overthrow an unjust government, which fueled the spirit of nationalism and revolution across the globe.
Latin American Independence
The series of revolutions throughout the early 19th century in Latin America, leading to the establishment of independent nations from Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule.
French Revolution
A period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799, which led to the end of monarchy, rise of democracy, and the establishment of the French Republic. Marked the end of an absolute monarchy, the rise of democratic ideals, and the emergence of nationalism, influencing revolutions around the world.
Philosophies
The study of fundamental questions regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement that emerged in the 18th century and emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism.
Haitian Revolution
A successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place between 1791 and 1804; resulting in the first independent black republic and the second independent nation in the Americas.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A document adopted during the French Revolution that outlined fundamental individual rights like liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression; proclaiming that all men are born free and equal in rights.
Social Contract
A justification for revolutionary actions by asserting that governments derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed.
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher known for his social Contract theory, which argued that individuals consent to surrender some of their freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for security and order.
John Locke
Philosopher during the enlightenment whose ideas about individualism, rational thought, and skepticism towards authority had a profound impact.
Mary Wollstonecraft
An English writer and a passionate advocate of educational and social equality for women. She called for the betterment of women’s status through political change as the radical reform of national educational systems. She said such change, would benefit all society.
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