Material World

Particle Model

A representation of matter that describes the different states (solid, liquid, gas) based on the arrangement and motion of particles.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of elements, organized by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded, can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition and appearance throughout, also known as a solution.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which the components can be visibly distinguished and are not uniformly distributed.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

Solute

The substance in a solution that is dissolved, usually present in the smaller amount.

Solvent

The substance in a solution that dissolves the solute, usually present in a larger amount.

Concentration Calculation (C = m/V)

A formula used to calculate the concentration of a solution, where C represents concentration, m is mass, and V is volume.

Dilution Calculation (C1V1 = C2V2)

A formula used to determine the final concentration of a solution after dilution, where C1 and C2 are initial and final concentrations, and V1 and V2 are corresponding volumes.

Solubility

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

Physical Change

A change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition.

Chemical Change

A process where one or more substances are transformed into different substances with distinct properties.

Indicators of Chemical Change

Five signs that a chemical change has occurred, such as color change, temperature change, gas production, formation of a precipitate, or a change in odor.

Chemical Reaction

A process in which one or more substances undergo a chemical change to form new substances.

Energy Transfer

The movement of energy from one place or object to another.

Energy Transformation

The process of changing energy from one form to another, such as from kinetic to potential energy.

Characteristic Properties

Properties that are uniquely characteristic to a substance and can be used to identify it, including physical and chemical properties.