Chapter I

Organization

refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and working together.

Chemical Level

structural level

• Smallest level

• Atoms, chemical bond, molecule

Cell Level

cell and organelles

ex:Mithocondria and nucleus

Cell

the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.

Organelles

the small structures that make up some cells.

Tissue Level

• Tissue

• smooth muscle

Organ Level

• Organ

• Ex: Kidney

Organ System Level

is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions

Organism Level

is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or a trillions of

cells, such as a human.

Metabolism

is the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

Responsiveness

is the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life.

Adaptation

Processes and structures by w hich organism adjust in short term or long term changes in their environment. Eg: Sweating & shivering

Growth

refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism.

Development

it includes the changes an organism undergoes through time.

Differentiation

is change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.

Reproduction

is the formation of new cells or new organism.

Homeostasis

is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment

Variable

measures of body properties that may change in value.

Normal range

normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point: normal or average value of a variable overtime, body temperature fluctuates around a set point.

Negative feedback mechanism

is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

positive feedback mechanism

occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response

Receptor

monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli.

Control Center

it determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable, such as part of the brain

Effector

such as the sweat glands, can change the value of the variable when directed by the control center.

Anatomical position

refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

Supine

when lying face upward

Prone

when lying face downward

Etymology

is the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history.

Superior

in anatomy this term is used for above or up, also called cephalic

Inferior

in anatomy this term is used for below or down, also called caudal.

Anterior

is used for front, also called ventral

Posterior

is used for back, also called dorsal

Ventral

it means belly therefore, the anterior surface of the human body can also be called the ventral surface, because the belly “goes first” when we are walking

Dorsal

it means “back”

Proximal

means nearest

Distal

Means Distant

Medial

means toward the midline

Lateral

means away from the midline.

Superficial

refers to a structure close to the surface of the body.

Deep

is toward the interior of the body

Sagittal plane

it runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts.

Median plane

is a sagittal plane that passes through the middle of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

Transverse plane

it runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Frontal plane

It runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Thoracic cavity

is surrounded by the rib cage and its separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys

Pelvic cavity

is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs

Pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart

Pleural cavity

it surrounds each lung

Peritoneal cavity

a serous membrane– lined cavity contained in the abdominopelvic cavity. It is also located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains the peritoneal fluid