Topic 2 - Hitlers rise to power

What was Hitlers early life like

• born in Austria, 20th April 1889

• He was good at art and had a dream as becoming an artist and going to Vienna but failed to get a place at art school

• Didn’t excel in school

• His father was a middle class Austrian and custom officials → badly treated by him father

• Mother died of cancer when he was 18→ he was angry

• 1913 hitler moved to Munich

• He became a soldier in ww1 but was injured, he got rewarded the iron cross

What was hitlers early life like I’m 1919-20

• 1919- works for the army as a spy and spies on the German workers party. He joins the party as the 55th member, makes speeches and adds to its publicity

• 1920- helps to writ their political program (the 25 point programme) and changes the name to nationalist socialist German workers party (nazis). He boots campaign - his own look flag (swastika stands for higher self) meets influential people

What was hitlers early life like I’m 1921-22

• 1921- with he,o from some of the supporters, along with earnest, Hitler threatens Anxton Dexter (leader of Nazi party) and makes him hand over his position. He sets up his own private ray called the SA with earnest röhm as leader, made up of ex soldiers and unemployed

• 1922- party grows in popularity and I’m 1922 has 20,000 members. Hitler has complete control of the party

Why did Hitler attend DAP meetings

Use the army out him to work, keeping an eye in local activities I’m the Munich area. As part of this, he began to attend meetings of the German workers party (DAP)

What’s the DAP

• German workers party

• Set up in 1919 by Anton Drxier

• Hitler attended their first meeting in 12th September 1919 when there were only 23 people. He was attracted to party’s ideas and by the 19th he joined the DAP

What was the 25 point program

It was a nazi program written by Hitler and Drexler in 1920, stating a list of promises made by the NSDAP

• it focused on promoting nationalism, support for the workers and promoting national unity (race) for example.

Some points were:

• only those of German blood are members of the nation

• We demand land and colonies to feed our people and settle our surplus population

• They “demanded the union of all Germans for a greater German “

What were the long term reasons for the Munich putsch

• Long list of grievances like ‘ dolachstoss’

• The loss of German colonies

• Resentment of the Weimar government, particularly by the Bavarian government

What were the medium term reasons for the Munich putsch

• Hitler snd the NSDAP had been heavily influenced by Mussolini’s right-wing party in Italy - the fascists

• Mussolini marched in time I’m 1922, forcing the democratic government to accept him as leader

What were the events of the Munich putsch

• 8th of November 1923 → Hitler with 600 entered a beer hall in Munich where the Bavarian government were meeting. At gunpoint he forced government leaders to support him. Röhm took over local police and army headquarters. Ludendorff, behind Hitlers back, let the government leaders go

• 9th of November 1923→ Hitler gathered with 100 SA and 2000 volunteer supporters and marched on Munich town centre to declare himself as president of Germany. The group was met by state police. Someone opened fire and there was chaos. Ludendorff, Röhm and Steicher were arrested

• 11th of November → Hitler found hiding at friends house and was arrested

What were the short term consequences of the Munich putsch

• not good for Hitler as the NADAP were banned and the putsch had failed miserably because of lack of support

What were the long term consequences of the Munich putsch

hitter realised he needed a new strategy to gain power in Germany. A violent uprising failed. He needed to build a party with nationwide support and a democracy (which he hated) to build power

• Hitler used the trial to gain publicity for his views

• Hitler used his time in prison to write mein Kampf which contains his political ideas and became the inspiration of the Nazi party

• Nazis won 32 seats in the reichstag in may 1924 election

What were the nationalist beliefs in mein Kampf

• Nationalism: reviving the power of Germany, e.g. reversing the TofV. By then he was stressing the need for lebensraum (living space) for Germans to expand into and then farmers can grow food to feed the german nation

what were the socialist beliefs in mein Kampf

• using with ir undustry and lame to benefit German working people not rich land owners and industrialists

What were totalitarianism beliefs in mein Kampf

• throwing off democracy, which Hitler believes was weak and instead putting power in the hands of the state - preferably one leader who could organise everything for the benefit of the people

What were the traditional beliefs in mein Kampf

• strong family values clear male and female roles, a strong work ethic, Christian moraliktu and old style German art, music and theatre

What’s were the beliefs surrounding race in mein Kampf

• Hitler believed the Aryan race was the supreme race and destined to rule the world

• Said there was a Jewish conspiracy to undermine Aryan rule

• Said Jews planned to weaken the Aryan race by intermarriage and by taking over German industry and the moderate political frigid such as the social democrats party

How was the Nazi party made electable

• reorganise the party and attract new members → - the Nazi party now and departments for all aspects of government, such as fisnance and foreign affairs - more members were recruited to more to the new party organisation, such as the Germans woman’s order and for younger people a nationalist socialist German students league was created → the Hitler youth fir 14-18 year olds alongside a school pupils league

• Make the Nazi party a national party → - each religion or gaue of germany had its own constituency of the Weimar Republic →each gaue had its own Gauleiter, the local leader of the Nazi party - example important gauleiter was Gregor stresser who was an important one in the north Germany - Hitler used party finances to pay for this organisation → funded by wealthy industries who shared some of Hitlers nationalists views and received loans from big business man’s like bosch

• Better control and discipline → Hitler did not trust the SA as it had expanded to over 400,000 members so became difficult to control, and the Munich putsch taugh Hitler the importance of a total loyal group of body guards that are loyal to him and not the party and he didn’t trust the SA as they were loyal to röhm . - to tighten control he replaced röhm as leader of SA, set up a new security group the SS which was a smaller group with specially selected members so they clump eb trusted to be Hitlers personal body guards

what was the bamberg conference

By 1926, the Gauleiters were beginning to split the Nazi party. Hitler decided to call a national conference on Sunday 14th Feb 1926 in bamberg, south of Germany, to address these problems. southern party leaders made up the majority of the conference due to its location

What were difference between nor5 and south (bamberg conference)

• North had more socialist aspects of the Nazi party emphasis x> woman’s rights etc..

• South were more nationalists aspects of the string German starts, hatred of Jews

What happened to strassers and gobbels at the bemberg conference

• stresser was allowed to share his views

• Hitler has a 5 hour speech, made socialists out to be communists/ enemies

• gobbels won over to Hitlers side. Gobbels abandons strassers arguments so he called GPE all’s a scheming dwarf

What were the consequences of the bamberg conference

• Hitlers control of the party is now clear. Gobbels premoyed to gauleiter of Berlin as a reward

• Strassers pledged his loyalty to Hitler but Hitler never trusted him. Strasser was made red in 1934

• The ‘socialist’ principles of the Nazi party were weakened. This gave buyer more freedom to adapt any policies he wanted

What was the Wall Street crash

• in USA October 1929, US companies lost billions of dollars in value over night. Many banks and businesses were ruined and resulted in world wide depression

• US stopped lending money to Germany and demanded all loans to be paid

• This means 2 things: German businesses had to to pay back loans, received no more investment from US, and has to pay increased taxes to the government. It also meant the German government could no longer borrow money, increased taxes and German workers had their wages cut and some lost their jobs.

• The effect on German people: businesses reduced staff or closed, led to lists of unemployment in workers and farm labourers, with no work and benefits slashed, family’s suffered terrible poverty

How did the Wall Street crash effect Nazis

• depression caused hatred to Weimar Republic → Bruning, the chancellor, couldn’t get the reichstag to agree to his policies and had to use emergency decrees which still couldn’t ease the suffering and undermined confidence further

• People began to abandon the moderate parties and switched ti the Nazi and KPD

• The Nazis used the depression to get more votes as they promised to fix the economy. In speeches Hitler promised ‘bread and work’ ti all workers in Germany, whilst they opened soup kitchens for the the poor. However, communist support grew with workers

• Nazis received more support from middle and upper classes who were afraid of losing their property and wealth to communism

What were big businesses opinions on Nazis

• Popular : wealthy industrialist supported the party because Hitler seemed the basest solution against a communist revolution which they feared the most since the depression . Nazis also seemed best option to getting economy back on its feet so contributed more funds to the Nazis

• Unpopular: saw Nazis uncolonised and brutal in their bulling methods

What were working classes opinions on the Nazis

• popular: many likes how the Nazis policies favoured the workers e.g their traditional values md their importance to the workers strength the nation. They were drawin in by propaganda posters and slogans, ‘work and bread’

• Unpopular: high percentage of workers preferred the co,,imiste. Some u ions distrusted the Nazis and communists was also offering better wages and working conditions

What were the middle classes opinion on the Nazis

• popular : professions, teachers, lawyers, business people and small farmers were a key group of supporters. They blamed the moderate government for loss of savings so switches to support for Nazis as they were fearful of communists who wanted to abolish private businesses and Nazis seemed best hope to recover their businesses

• Unpopular : many didn’t like Nazis methods

What was the youths opinion on Nazi germany

Popular : many young people found the Nazis exciting. They enjoyed the rallies with the SA marches which were colourful and full of atmosphere. Many saw the Nazis as a way to secure a future once they left school.

Unpopular : influenced by their parents who thought Nazis were thugs and bullies,

What was the woman’s opinion on the Nazis

Popular: many women began to admire promises of the Nazis to get work for their husbands, and many saw the Nazis as best for their countries and families overall

Unpopular: at first didn’t support Nazis as they were put off by returning to traditional roles

What were the farmers opinions on the Nazis

Popular: Nazis targeted farmers (in positive way). In 1928, the Nazis promised not to confiscate land except for land belonging to Jews. This reassured farmers of their future security and many saw the Nazis as protecting their private ownership from communist. Farmer were therefore a strong section of support and the Nazis gained 60% of their votes from rural parts of Germany, like farmers

How did the Nazi party gain popularity due to Hitlers leadership (their own actions)

• German people fed up of Weimar Republic

• Saw Hitler as a strong leader who promised : 1. To restore law and order. 2. To force other countries to scrap the treaty of Versailles and treat German fair

• Popular → featured in a lot of ansi posters

• Good at public speaking → made as many appearances as possible, making long speeches

H did the Nazi party gain popularity due to the Nazi organisation (their own actions)

• organised into regions, each one led by a gauiletier

• Education, farming, foreign affairs, industries

• SA: paramilitary arm

• SS: hitlers body guards

How do the hitler party gain popularity due to Nazi promises (their own actions)

1. Get rid of TofV and treat German equally

2. Restore law and order

3. Get rid of hated WR

4. Return to traditional German values

These promises gave German people hope as they were living with poor conditions and struggling, so we’re desperate and rethey had belief that they would make Germany great again.

How did the hitler party gain popularity due to Nazi propaganda (their own actions)

• modern → includes radio and overhead projections

• Hitler featured a lot

• Catchy slogans → appealing to German traditional values

• SA- parades

What were other uncontrollable reasons that contributed to Hitler gaining popularity

• October 1929 frites fell on the Wall Street stock exchange

  → falling shares means peoples investments fell even further , people rushed to sell shares due to worry of losing more money, within a week, investors lost $4,000 million

  Caused banking problems in Germany and caused many banks to run out of cash and go bankrupt so people lost savings

  America asked for loaned money back → 25 million

• Fear of communism

  → middle class people scared as communists wanted to abolish private land and businesses. Farmers were also scared and cikmunists had a policy of all land taken

• Weak opposition

  → WR handled 1929 Badly due to the consistent crisis and coalition government nothing got done. There was also an over reliance on article 48 ( used 66 times in 1932 )

what led to hitler becoming chancellor in March-April 1932

• himdenburg stands for re-election as president but has to be done twice due to lack of majority ad not one party has 50% of the vote.

• Burring is chancellor and bans SA.

• Hitler worked hard to campaign, hires plane for fast travel and does lots of public speaking

  → by the march president elections, Hitler wins 11m votes and by the April elections he now wins 13m votes

What led to Hitler r becoming chancellor in may 1932

• Bruning resigns as chancellor as he lost all of hope of support in reichstag due to him wanting to ban SA and SS for control over Nazis and settle unrest and due to him announcing a plan to buy up land form large land owners and use it to house unemployed.

• Let to uniting right wing groups against him due to the SA and SS ban engraving Hitler and landowning classes Deere angered about his plan.

• Von papan becomes chancellor as he be.dived he could control Nazis.

• Hitler and Nazis join government

What led toNiyler becoming chancellor in July 1932

• electrons in June and July caused violence is the streets mainly between armed private armies of Nazis parties → 100 people killed and 7,000 injured

• NSPD won 230 seats in Reichstag

• Nazi share of vote increased from 18% in 1930 to 38% in 1932 asking them the largest party

• Hitler demanded Von Papen is sacked and to make him chancellor

What led to Hitler becoming Chancellor in Nov-Dec 1932

• Von Papen sacked

• Hindenburg hated Hitler so refused to make him chancellor

• Von schleicher is made chancellor

What led to Hitler becoming Chancellor in Jan 1933

• Hitler becomes chancellor

• Von Scheilchers chancellorship had no real support and with Hitler and nazis against him he was unable to govern as he had no majority in Reichstag

• Hitler was made chancellor due to 5he fear of the army marching and to keep him under control

The Reichstag fire

• a Dutch communist was arrested at Reichstag and charged with burning it down, he admitted he started the fire to start a communist revolution and seize power of Germany. → this allowed Hitler to put the blame on communist parties of a conspiracy against government

• It have hitler an excuse to issue a decree for the protection of the people and the state, giving him powers to imprision political opponents and ban opposition newspapers → 84 communist positions were arrested

• He persuaded Hindenburg to call an election in march 1933 to secure more Nazi seats

• Nazi party managed to secure 2/3 of the seats by using the emergency powers to prevent communists taking 81 seats

• Hitler was now able to change the constitution

What was the enabling act

Allowed hitler to pass any law he wanted this was passed because they were all in a collation government and by agreeing with the government they would be allowed in the government

It allowed Hitler to get rid of any opposition e.g the trade unions, other political parties and local government

Why did Hitler remove trade unions

• He removed the trade unions associated with communists - the unions had power to order general strikes and undermine Hitlers government

• He ordered the arrest of all trade unions associated with officials and made striking illegal and banned all unions apart from DAF which was Nazi controlled