28. Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation

Engaging in activities for personal satisfaction, enjoyment, interest, or passion rather than external rewards.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engaging in activities because of external incentives, rewards, punishments, or other outside factors.

Primary Drives

Unlearned, instinctive biological needs essential for survival.

Secondary Drives

Learned motivations that develop through experience and are often linked to social or psychological needs.

Approach-Approach Conflict

A motivational conflict involving a choice between two desirable outcomes.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A motivational conflict involving a choice between two undesirable outcomes.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A motivational conflict in which one goal has both attractive and unattractive aspects.

Three Needs Theory

A theory of motivation proposing three major needs: achievement, affiliation, and power.

Drive-Reduction Theory

A theory stating that motivation arises from the need to reduce internal physiological tension and maintain homeostasis.

Arousal Theory

A theory stating that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation or arousal.

Incentive Theory

A theory stating that motivation is influenced by external rewards or punishments.

Cognitive Theory of Motivation

A theory stating that motivation is influenced by thoughts, expectations, beliefs, and goals.

Culture and Motivation

Culture influences motivation; individualistic cultures tend to emphasize internal motivations and personal goals, while collectivistic cultures tend to emphasize social relationships and harmony.