science

volcano

an opening in the earths crust

lava

it becomes this when it reaches the earths surface

pacific ring of fire

a 40,000-kilometer horseshoe-shaped belt around the Pacific Ocean

crater

a bowl shaped depression at the top of the volcano

magma chamber

where magma is stored

conduit

long, narrow channel that connects the magma chamber to the surface

parasitic cone

a smaller cone around the volcano

fumarole

a vent in the Earth's surface that emits hot gases

eruption cloud

a large cloud of ash

eruption column

a large cloud of ash above the crater

summit

highest point of a volcano

sill

a horizontal sheet of magmat

dike

a vertical sheet of magma

pyroclastic flow

fast-moving, deadly surge of hot gas, ash and volcanic fragments

lahar flow

volcanic mudflow consisting of water ash and rocks

lava flow

a stream of molten rock and lava

Earthquake

sudden shaking of the ground caused by movement of tectonic plates

tectonic plates

large plates of the earths crust

focus

origin or starting point of an earthquake

hypocenter

other term for focus

epicenter

point on the earths surface located directly above the focus

fault

crack in the earths crust where movement occurs

normal fault

type of fault that happens when the earths crust is pulled apart

reverse fault

type of fault hat happens when earths crust is pushed together

strike slip fault

a type of fault that happens when horizontal movement occurs

fault line

visible line of the fault on the earths surface

seismic waves

energy waves released during an earthquake

primary waves

fastest waves among the other types

rayleigh wave

these wave moves in a rolling motion and cause ground to move in an elliptical pattern

tephra fall

other term for ashfall

stratovolcano

a tall, steep-sided ovlcanoes with a cone-shaped appearance

fault plane

flat or sloping surface inside the earth

secondary wave

slower than the p-wave, more destructive than the p wave

love wave

very damaging to buildings