227 - ch.5,6,7,8

classical school

• free will

• deterred by chance of punishment

classical school pros

3 indirect social costs of arrest

• commitment - future

• attachment - personal circumstances

• stigma - public image

classical school cons

fails to acknowledge individual differences, motivation and situation

enlightenment

• uses rational and scientific method

• absolute obedience to authority

deterrence theory

• fear of punishment deters crime

• research is inconclusive → capital punishment

crime prevention

CPTED and locks at stores

Baccaria

crime is deterred when there is a:

• certainty of punishment

• swiftness of justice

• fair punishment

characterized by 4 general principles

• equality

• liberty - law = punishers

• utilitarianism - fear = no crime

• humanitarianism

positivist school

• final stage of social development

• uses scientific explanations

positivist school cons

• weakness of methodology

• fails to explain white-collar, organized, and political crime

neopositivist school

• rational penal policy

• systematic rehabilitation and resocialization

• takes circumstances into account

neoclassical school

• free will and circumstances

• rational choice theory

• just deserts: punishment no matter what

neoclassical vs classical

rejected 5 year minimum sentence and judicial discretion → cases now based on case

bentham

• law = benefit of majority

• punishment is good if it prevents more social harm than it produces

somatotyping

link body type to behaviour

phrenology

• early theory

• physical appearance

anthropological measurement

• early theory

• heredity + environment = crime

genetic research

• positivists

• link criminal behaviour to sex chromosome abnormalities

XYY chromosome theory

extra Y chromosome in men = criminal behaviour

contemporary biosocial theories

• because we have genes and hormones we need to account for them in our studies

• not scared if punishment

supernatural explanations

• deterministic

• rooted in religion

• positivist

psychodynamic theory

• freud

• behaviour is an expression of internal conflict from childhood

id

• instinct

• uncontrolled = crime

ego

rational

superego

moral and ethical

cognition

• mental process of how we make out the world

• frustration-aggression theory

moral development

morality develops in stages

behavioural

learnt through positive/negative stimulus

avoidance learning - classical

punishment with undesirable behaviour

personality theory of criminality - classical

not have been conditioned to behave in a socially acceptable manner = crime

positive reinforcement - operant

token

negative reinforcement - operant

aversion therapy

auguste comte

• founder of sociology

• human behaviour is beyond ones control

emile durkheim

individual behaviour = social environment not instrinic

structural functionalism

all social structures work tg = stable society

consensus

• functionalist

• society = interrelated parts that work as one

conflict

• marxist

• society competing against each other

• critical theory

s.i.

• how criminal behaviour is learnt

• imitation and interaction

durkheims strain theory

• normless society

• keeps undesirable human tendencies in check

mertons strain theory

• conflict occurs when one is unable to achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means

• 5 distinct modes of adaption

agnews strain theory

can’t achieve positive goals because a negative stimuli is present

DAT

• criminal behaviour is learnt through negative influences

• psych and s.i. → operant conditioning and environment

primary deviance

acts countering social norms but not yet deemed deviant

secondary deviance

result from negative labels

feminist perspectives

liberal, socialist, radical, marxist, intersectional

left-realism

• victimization data

• all crime is serious

• wanting and able to reduce crime

routine conflict theory

crime occurs when there is a motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of guardian