C8 - The gendered urbanization Cartes | Quizlet

URBAN-RURAL DISPARITY

The Population Increase in Urban Areas:

After the liberation and war, people came to cities for jobs

• The Centralized Policy line:

- Urban areas took priority in governmental policies

- Burden to the rural areas, for the stability in the cities

• The US Aid in the 1950s

- Surplus agricultural products from the mainland

- Due to cheap wheat flour, farmers bankrupt

• Industrialization Plans

- Focusing on the secondary industries in the urban areas

- Rural infrastructure remained undeveloped

THE GENDERED MIGRATION

- Population pressure from the post war baby boom

- Improved transportation

- Unbalanced Development policy

= migration rural --> urban 1960s

--> arrival with No plan Girls

= economic crisis in rural areas

- sending daughters away

= seoul = land of opportunities

= girls finding jobs wo perosnal network

= job fraud or human trafficking targeting those wondering girls

= counselling centers to control the girls on the street

MARGINAL JOBS FOR GIRLS IN CITIES

Working Hours: 18+ hours/day, no vacation, stimulant pills

• Low Income (All low-paid):

housemaids < bus attendants < factory workers

• Violence: sexual harassment, physical violence

- from the employers/the passengers/customers/the supervisors

• Social Discrimination: unfair treatment and insults

HOUSEMAIDS - colonial era

sikmo In the traditional Joseon dynasty, among the female servants at home, those who were

in charge of meals were called sikmo

• During the colonial period, many Japanese immigrants hired Korean housemaids.

• Poor working conditions:

- Living in the employer's home

- 16+ working hours/day with low wages

• A vulnerable group, as the lowest caste in society:

- Unfair treatment and violence without protection

- Exposed to discrimination and criminal victimization

HOUSEMAIDS in 1950s

After the Korean War, housemaids were one of the few labor market options for female breadwinners, based on the traditional gender roles in the family

• Housemaids were getting younger: recruited from war orphans and bankrupted families

• Gendered migration from the rural to urban in the 1950s: a key source of domestic labor for the housemaid demand

• Everyone has housemaids: Even lower-income families could afford to hire housemaids due to their extremely low wages

HOUSEMAIDS = 1960s-70s

The female migration reached the peak during the 1960s, and the Arrival with No Plan girls became a social problem:housemaids were the initial job for newcomers

• In pop culture, housemaids became targets for sexual

objectification: a danger in the heteronormative family

• A blind spot for the legal system: housemaids faced

pre-modern control, private punishments and sexual violence

• To expand the factory workforce, a campaign discouraging live-in maids emerged in the 1970s: Instead, part-time maids (派出婦, 파출부) began to replace them

HOUSEMAIDS: WORKING CONDITIONS

Familiar Tasks : cooking, cleaning, washing, dishes, etc

Esay access : no training = stepping stone to other jobs

Lower Income :

Pre-modern control : living at employer's home = no fixed hours. complete owner control

Lower social stuatus : exposed to violence w/o protection

= unfair treatment, social isolation

BUS ATTENDANTS CHAJANG : WHO?

Modern buses and streetcars emerged during the colonial era, with male drivers and female attendants

• Bus attendants worked as service workers: fare collecting, stop announcing, passenger control, signals to the driver

• Female bus attendants were a cultural shock to Koreans: as women working in public and dealing with male passengers

• Bus Girls attracted public attention as Modern Girls with a westernized uniform and high-tech machinery

• Due to the high unemployment rate in the 1950s, men also began working as bus attendants

BUS ATTENDANTS: BUSES in the 1960s-70s

After the military coup, the Park Chung-hee group

replaced all bus attendants with female workers to provide Better Service: the concept of service became feminized

• The Park administration tried to reform transportation:

while streetcars were reduced buses became the major means, by connecting city centers and outskirts

• Many people were still unfamiliar with bus rides:

bus attendants had to cover various unexpected situations and accidents from the inexperienced passengers

• Female bus attendants' service labor was the key factor to make urbanization possible, even with a lack of resources

BUS ATTENDANTS: WORKING CONDITIONS

Income : Relatively Better, Pocketing

Strikes : Relatively better

Labor unions : relatively strong

Sexualized control : sexual objectivation, forceful body search

No safety : exposed to car accidents or violence

Health issues : vibrations, stimulant pills, no rest, uniforms

Social discrimination

FACTORY WORKERS : WHO?

Since the colonial period, female factory workers emerged: becoming the major group in the light industry

• Textile goods, wigs, shoes—produced through cheap female labor— became major export products during Korean industrialization

• During the 1960s-70s, to migrant girls from the countryside, factory jobs offered higher wages and better reputation

(relatively, compared to domestic service workers)

• Poor working conditions and lower status: workers often suffered from health issues caused by poor facilities, and struggled with low wages and social discrimination

FACTORY WORKERS: WORKING CONDITIONS

Income : Better income still low

Labor unions = began to emerge

-

Hoerachy

workplace = not enough space, lack of ventilation, poor dormitories

Medical porblems

Social discrimination

SEX WORKERS[HOSTESS]: 1960s-70s

Tolerance + Regulation Policy:

The South Korean government officially banned prostitution, while unofficially tolerating and regulating it in certain zones

• Mobilizing female sexuality was common in political networks: meetings at Yojeongs [料亭, restaurants offering sexual service]

• Female hospitality workers [接待婦] emerged: called Hostesses (e.g. the Hostess Movies in the 1970s)

• The official (brothels) and unofficial prostitution: human trafficking targeting under-aged girls, crimes against sex workers, unconstitutional imprisonment