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solid to gas
Sublimation
attractive forces that exist between particles
intermolecular forces
gas to solid
Deposition
pure substance that is made up of only one type of atom and can't be broken down
Elements
pure substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically combined.
Compound
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
Molecule
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Mixture
a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
homogeneous mixture
A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
heterogeneous mixture
technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on their different boiling points.
Fractional distillation
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
solute
the substance in which the solute dissolves
Solvent
(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others
chemical reaction
a principle stating that mass cannot be created or destroyed.
conservation of mass
mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12th of the mass of carbon-12
Relative atomic mass
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
an instrument that is used to determine the molecular weight of a compound
mass spectrometer
the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance
mole
a formula with the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound
empirical formula
the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction
limiting reactant
the substance that is not used up completely in a reaction
excess reactant
gas that exhibits the five postulates of the kinetic molecular theory,
ideal gas
PV=nRT
Ideal Gas Law
the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
Temperature
A solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution.
Titration
the point at which the indicator changes color
end point of titration
A compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base
indicator
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and is found in the nucleus of an atom
Proton
negatively charged subatomic particles
Electrons
element with unstable isotopes
radioactive element
a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
atomic orbital
Vaporisation 2.Ionisation 3.Acceleration 4.Ion drift 5.Detection
Mass spectrometer steps
an instrument used to measure the precise masses and relative amounts of ions
mass spectrometer
An atom that has absorbed energy
excited atom
wide range of radiation
electromagnetic spectrum
shorter
the higher the frequency, the ___ the wavelength
more
the higher the frequency, the --- energy
atomic theory
Dalton
discovered the electron
JJ Thomson
discovered the nucleus
Rutherford
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave
Wavelength
the number of waves that pass a point in one second.
frequency
inversely proportional
frequency and wavelength are
separation of the white light into its component colours
dispersion
electrons absorb and energy and transfer to a higher energy level
Absorption line spectra are produced when
electrons emit energy and transfer to a lower energy level.
Emission line spectra are produced when
The highest-energy end of each series of spectral lines
Convergence limit
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Ionisation energy
energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to produce one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
first ionization energy
greater
The closer to the nucleus the ________ the ionization energy.
the distance from the center of an atom's nucleus to its outermost electron
atomic radius
nuclear charge
affects all trends
the weaker the attraction
the more inner electrons
increases across a period
effective nuclear charge trend
increases down a group, decreases across a period
atomic radius trend
decreases across a period and increases down a group
Ionic Radius Trend
smaller
cations are _____ than their parent atoms
bigger
anions are ____ than their parent atoms
decreases down a group, increases across a period
ionization energy trend
increases across a period, decreases down a group
electron affinity trend
a measure of the attraction of an atom for a bonding pair of electrons
Electronegativety
increases across a period, decreases down a group
electronegativity trend
decreases across a period and increases down a group
metallic character trend
the more metallic
the easier to lose electrons
Note 
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