IB Chemistry Terms

HL IB Chemistry important terms

solid to gas

Sublimation

attractive forces that exist between particles

intermolecular forces

gas to solid

Deposition

pure substance that is made up of only one type of atom and can't be broken down

Elements

pure substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically combined.

Compound

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

Molecule

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Mixture

a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished

homogeneous mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture

heterogeneous mixture

technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on their different boiling points.

Fractional distillation

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

solute

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Solvent

(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others

chemical reaction

a principle stating that mass cannot be created or destroyed.

conservation of mass

mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12th of the mass of carbon-12

Relative atomic mass

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

isotopes

an instrument that is used to determine the molecular weight of a compound

mass spectrometer

the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance

mole

a formula with the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound

empirical formula

the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction

limiting reactant

the substance that is not used up completely in a reaction

excess reactant

gas that exhibits the five postulates of the kinetic molecular theory,

ideal gas

PV=nRT

Ideal Gas Law

the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance

Temperature

A solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution.

Titration

the point at which the indicator changes color

end point of titration

A compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base

indicator

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and
is found in the nucleus of an atom

Proton

negatively charged subatomic particles

Electrons

element with unstable isotopes

radioactive element

a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron

atomic orbital

1. Vaporisation
2.Ionisation
3.Acceleration
4.Ion drift
5.Detection

Mass spectrometer steps

an instrument used to measure the precise masses and relative amounts of ions

mass spectrometer

An atom that has absorbed energy

excited atom

wide range of radiation

electromagnetic spectrum

shorter

the higher the frequency, the ___ the wavelength

more

the higher the frequency, the --- energy

atomic theory

Dalton

discovered the electron

JJ Thomson

discovered the nucleus

Rutherford

The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

Wavelength

the number of waves that pass a point in one second.

frequency

inversely proportional

frequency and wavelength are

separation of the white light into its component colours

dispersion

electrons absorb and energy and transfer to a higher energy level

Absorption line spectra are produced when

electrons emit energy and transfer to a lower energy level.

Emission line spectra are produced when

The highest-energy end of each series of spectral lines

Convergence limit

the energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Ionisation energy

energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to produce one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.

first ionization energy

greater

The closer to the nucleus the ________ the ionization energy.

the distance from the center of an atom's nucleus to its outermost electron

atomic radius

nuclear charge

affects all trends

the weaker the attraction

the more inner electrons

increases across a period

effective nuclear charge trend

increases down a group, decreases across a period

atomic radius trend

decreases across a period and increases down a group

Ionic Radius Trend

smaller

cations are _____ than their parent atoms

bigger

anions are ____ than their parent atoms

decreases down a group, increases across a period

ionization energy trend

increases across a period, decreases down a group

electron affinity trend

a measure of the attraction of an atom for a bonding pair of electrons

Electronegativety

increases across a period, decreases down a group

electronegativity trend

decreases across a period and increases down a group

metallic character trend

the more metallic

the easier to lose electrons