World History- exam

Exams are on January 22, 2024

Copernicus

• Wrote the On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies

• He believed that the Earth was circling the sun

Hobbes

• Wrote Leviathan

  • He believed people are cruel, greedy, and selfish

  • Fought in war

• Social Contract

  • People would agree to give up part of their freedom for an organized society.

• Believed a strong government can ensure orderly society

  • Must be an absolute monarch

Locke

• Natural Rights

  • Life, Liberty and Property

  • Rights that people gain at birth

• Wrote: Two Treaties of Government

  • Form of government to protect people’s natural rights

  • Government have limited power

  • If the government doesn’t met the requirements of protecting natural rights of the people, they the people can overthrow the government.

Voltaire

• Detest on Slave trade

• Believed in Freedom of Speech and Religion

• Wants to separate state and church

  • People could practice their own religion they believe in

  • State and Church shouldn’t effect each other

• Offended the French Government and Catholic Church

  • Imprisoned and exile

Montesquieu

• Spirit of Laws

  • Divided the power of the government into three branches

  • Legislative, Judicial, Executive

    • All has equal power

• Checks and Balances

What are the impacts of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution?

• Progress

  • Improve of technology

  • Technology keeps improving rapidly, non-stop

• Secular Outlook

  • More people decided to believe in science more than religion. Causing less people started to practice religion and they started to use different religions to discover new discoveries.

  • They used to believe Religion had all the answers to their questions

  • Causing people’s lives to change dramtically

• Individualism

  • It started to become a more of a ‘me’ centered world

    • Only considered everything good for themselves

    • Caused conflict

    • People started to have their own thoughts and opinion

Rousseau

• Believed society is better than individual

  • “Power corrupts an absolute power corrupts absolutely”

• Wanted direct Monarchy

Estate System

• Clergy (1st Estate)

  • Church/ leadership people

  • Small group

  • Payed no tax

• Nobles (2nd Estate)

  • Wealthy/ loyalty

  • Payed no tax

  • They ruled upon the people

  • Generationally rich

    • Born in the family

• 3rd Estate

  • No name

  • Everyone else

  • Made up 98% of the population

    • 80% are peasants

  • Had to pay high tax

Sieyes

• Wrote: What is the 3rd Estate

• First estate (priest)

What are the causes of the French Revolution?

• Estate System

  • People were getting treated differently

  • Tax problem with how much they taxed for each estate

• Enlightenment

  • People wanted to start something new

• Economic Problems

  • Louis 16th made France go backrupted

  • He helped the Americans win the revolutionary war

  • Drought was happening at the time, so prices had went up

• Weak Leadership

  • Weak leader

    • Was hated

    • Made poor decisions (indecisive)

  • Louis Wife- Marie Antoinette was hated

    • Princess of Austria

    • Spent lots of money

    • Childless (Louis Fault)

Estates General

• Took place in Palace of Verailles

• Last meeting was 175 years ago

  • May 5th 1789

• Voting was an issue

  • The main vote was between first and second estate

• Senate: one vote per group (1, 2 estates)

• House: one vote per person (3rd estate)

Mirabeau

• Sent by Louis because he wanted to know what the 3rd estate was thinking

• He understands them

• 2nd estate

  • Wasn’t looked upon

Tennis court oath

• 1st act to the French Revolution

• The people started to force Louis to write a new Consitution

  • Gave people more power

  • Isn’t an absolute monarch anymore

• Sign that the 3rd estate is rebellling

Bastille

• 2nd act to the French Revolution

• Built in Paris

• Prison and armory

  • Prison for prisoners and mental ill

• Mob killed the guards and let the prisoners and the mental ill out

Great Fear

When 3rd estate were going into Noble’s houses and started to kill them and burned their house. Including Cadastres that they were free from the control of the family.

Jacobins

A group of people who went to the national convention to try to solve the problems in France.

• Danton

• Marat

• Robas Pierre

Committee of Public Safety

It was controlled by Pierre who is part of the Jacobins. They wanted to get rid of all the enemies of France, and thought this was a way to prevent the revolution. They started to capture innocent people that was framed of talking bad about France.

Reign of Terror

• Lasted 14 months

• 40-250 thousand people were killed

  • All killed from the Guillotine

  • Accused of being an enemy of France

• Danton and Marat were also killed

Wiphe of Grapeshot

Napoleon’s first significant big break. He was known by many people just by him protecting his directory. He used his canon and filled it up with lose pieces of metal. It didn’t cause many death but it injured. He was talked in the newspaper for this and got promoted.

Directory

• The person who Napoleon defended during the war.

  • It helped him get promoted

Coup d’etat

Military leader takes over power from the government. (Napoleon)

Louisiana Purchase

• Originally owned by the French

  • 1803 it was sold it the U.S. (Thomas Jefferson) for 15 million dollars

• Reasons:

  • Used the money to improve his army

    • Become the most powerful army in Europe

    • La Grande Armee

Peninsular War

• France took over Spain

  • Napoleon had put his brother in power

• He outlawed the Spanish Inquistion

  • Spanish Inquisition- kill or torture people that aren’t Christian

• Cadiz Junta was mad that Spain was outlawed

  • Started to attack

  • Napoleon loss a lot of men at war

Scorch Earth Policy

• Russian’s defense system

• When the Russians retreat they would burn everything in their own country

  • Causing Napoleon becoming farther away from the supply

  • Soldiers started to die

Elba

Where Napoleon was exiled to when he lose the war against Russia. It was only a few miles away from Italy

Hundred Day

• 2nd time Napoleon took over France after he has escaped from Elba.

• The 4 Coalition attacked immediately

  • Didn’t last long.

• He was defeated again at the Battle of Waterloo

  • By Duke Wellington

St. Helena

• 2nd place where Napoleon was exiled after the battle of Waterloo

  • He was defeated by Duke of Wellington

• Dies 6 years later

Congress of Vienna

• Took 8 months

• Took place in Vienna Austria

• Recreated a new map with new countries

  • Netherlands

  • Switzerland

  • German Confederation

    • 39 kingdom with common goals

• Punishment for France

  • France wasn’t punished

  • They didn’t want to punish the entire country for one’s wrong doing

    • If they did they would want to rebel more

L’ouverture

• Leader of the revolt

• Napoleon sent troops to stop revolt that was happening in Hispaniola Islands

  • Large amounts of soldiers got Malaria

• Napoleon offered a treaty

  • They can outlaw slavery but Hispaniola has to stay a part of France colony

  • Both agreed; got what they both wanted

• Napoleon arrested L’overture in France

  • He thought this way was to prevent the Revolution but it started the Revolution again

Dessilines

• Lead the 2nd part of the Revolution for Hispaniola’s freedom

• Lead them to independence

• Made Haiti the first independent black republic

Bolivar

• Freed New Granda from Spain

  • New Granda- Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador

• Leads war against Spain

  • Marched his army across the Andie Mountain for 600 miles

  • Sneak attack on Spain soldiers at Bogota, Colombia

• Changed their name to Gran Colombia

• Joined forces with Jose de San Martin to help Peru to gain it’s independence

Luturbide

• He helped Mexico gain it’s independence

• He switches side from Spain to Mexico

  • He wants to become the first emperor of Mexico

Nationalism

Not loyal to King or queen but to the nation of people who share a common bond

Conservative

People who wants to keep everything the same

Liberals

People who wants some changes

Radicals

People who wants big changes

Louis 18

• King of France

• Wrote the Charter

  • Charter- gave people more rights

• Weak

Charles 10

• Louis 18’s son

• Wants everything back as before

• Creates the July Ordiances

  • Abolishes the charter

  • Limited political and individual freedoms of people in France

  • People protest

    • 700 people died in three days

Lamartine

• Poet

• Temporary

• Writes new liberal Consitution

  • They would have a president

Louis Napoleon

• Napoleon’s nephew

• Made positive changes

• Industries increased rapidly

• People asked him to become emperor

Crimean War

• War between Russia and Ottoman Empire

• Fought over Crimea

• Russia lost

  • Showed how undeveloped they were

• Ottoman won

  • Got help from France and Britain

  • France and Britain used them so they can take over them later in the future

• First war covered by media in detail

  • Opinions on warfare changed

    • Less support for warfare

  • People actually know what is happening at war

  • Compared to the Vietnam war

• Florence Nightingale

  • Female nurse at war

  • Helped fight for women’s rights

    • Showed how women can help out during a war

    • Didn’t argue but showed

Edict of Emancipation

• Outlawed serfdom

• Redistributed land to everyone

• Eliminated serf’s debt

• Allowed Russia to improve industrially

Young Italy

• Group of the younger generation in Italy to unite all parts of Italy together

• Couldn’t be over 40 years old

Cavour

• Emmanuel’s prime minister

• Created the Risorgimento

  • Plane to unify Italy

• Gave Nice and Savoy to France so they can help protect them from Austria and they won’t be able to disturb them when unifying Italy

Garibaldi

• Leader of the Red Shirts

• Started to help unify Italy in Sicily

• Expedition of the thousands

  • Name of the unification

• Meet Cavour in Rome

• Finally unified Italy in 1861

Wilhelm I

• Spends money on the military

• Want absolute control

• Unifies Germany

  • Becomes the king of Germany

Bismarck

• Chancellor (prime minister)

• Known as the Iron Chancellor

• Used realpolitik

  • Made decision based on what’s good for the country

• Makes an alliance with Austria

  • Gets into war with Denmark. They win some land and divide the smaller part of it to Austria making them mad. They decide to declare war on them

Realpolitik

They made decision based on what’s good for the country

Ems Dispatch

• Insult of the King of France and was sent to France newspaper

  • Also insulted the citizens

• France declared war with Germany

  • Franco Prussian War

• Also known as a telegraph

• Bismarck used this to prove France to declare war on them

Franco Prussian War

• War declared by France

• Prussia won

  • They capture Napoleon III from his kingdom

• Prussia earned Alsace-Lorraine from France

• Germany finally got unified in 1871

Urbanization

What large amount of people are moving from the farm to the city to find a job.

Factors of Production

• Land

  • Right location to start a business

• Labor

  • Cheap labor from people moving into the city

• Capital

  • Money that takes to invest to start a business

Kay

Created the Flying Shuttle

Hargreaves

Creating the Spinning Jenny

Watt

Created the Steam engine- for small amounts of coal for average amount of energy

Living Conditions of Industrial England

• No building regulations

  • no rules or regulations in place for safety. Very crapy buildings with many 3-5 floor buildings put side by side with no safety exit

• No sanitary codes

  • No indoor plumbing so they throw their pee outside

• Wide Spread disease

  • Cholera- food or water touched human waste. Causing the average life span to be 17 years.

• Homelessness

  • There were not enough places for people to stay

• Crime Rates increased

  • More crime happened in poorer cities because they would do anything to survive.

• Limited education

  • Less opportunity for children to get themself out of poverty.

Working Conditions of Industrial England

• Long working hours for little pay. They would work for 14 hours a day and 6 days a week.

• Children Labor: 6-7 year olds would start working at coal mines.

• Dangerous working environment. People would constantly die or get injured.

• No government programs to protect them, No minimum wage. Government doesn’t care hoe business regulated.

Entrepreneur

Someone willing to take the risk to use money to earn more money.

Industrial revolution effects

• Created Jobs

  • more job opportunities

  • more occupations

• England got Rich

  • any country that industrialized would get rich

  • changed wealth

• Technology

  • Always improving into something bigger and better

• Standard Living

  • Mass production of goods

  • people worked less

    • weekend and hobbies were created

  • improved dramatically

• Working conditions

  • government improved

    • minimum wage

    • certain working hours

  • became safer

  • children can work at a certain age

War of 1812

• Caused the Orders of Council

  • Britain owned the sea

• War with Britain

  • Biggest trading partner

  • they couldn’t get supplies from them

• They started to make their own products

Slater

Stole the spinning plans from Great Britain and migrated to the U.S. in 1789

Capitalism

• economic system in which businesses are privately owned and operated with a goal of making money.

• free market economy

Adam Smith

• Capitalism

• Wrote: Wealth of Nations

  • Individuals should pursue any career that they choose and the government has to stay away from how the business is regulated.

• Laissez-Faire

  • hands-off government policy

  • also known as the invisible hand

    • determined by supply and demand

Malthus

• Capitalism

• Wrote: Essay on the Principle of Population

  • population would always increase faster than the food supply

  • always have poor people

• demography

  • study of the human populations

• Capitalism always provides motivation

  • allows people to work harder to get what they want

Ricardo

• Capitalism

• Wrote: Principles on political economy and taxation

  • Iron Law of Wages

    • How supply and demand determine the wages of the workers

• Wages depend on what type of job and the supply and demand of the job

Socialism

• Belief that the government should take action to improve the lives of others

  • how much or little the government interferes

• mixed economy

Bentham

• believed that the government’s job was to do the greatest good for the greatest amount of people

  • best for the group, not the individual

• Utilitarianism

  • society should be judged by its usefulness of the product

  • if government interferes in a business is based on the usefulness of the product

Mill

• Wrote: On Liberty

  • protected utilitarianism

• believed in equality

  • equal everything for everyone

  • lack of motivation

    • public punishments and public rewards

Communism

• government takes full control of a business

• command economy or marxism

Marx

• Wrote: Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital

  • the class struggle between the peoples

    • poor people are going to eventually overthrow the rich

  • history of the wealth in the world

• government is going to regulate all businesses

  • everyone shares that same amount of wealth from the money they all earned

    • known as a classless society

• No one else’s job is more important than another because them all to work to make everything work

  • good in theory but doesn’t work

Unions

• group of people who work for a common goal

  • goal: better and safer working conditions and higher wages

• used collective bargaining

  • negotiation between the employers and employees

  • power in number

• Workers would strike

  • refused to work

  • it only worked the best on the skilled

    • skilled workers are harder to replace

  • it may cause them to lose their job

Reasons for Imperialism

• Economic competition

  • came for the money

    • natural resources

    • large population of people to sell their product to

• Nationalism

  • national pride in conquering someone else

• Racism

  • one race is better than another

  • treated people less than they think they are

  • They believe their religion is better than theirs making them have a stronger pride in conquering people

• Missionaries

  • excuse for them to conquer another nation

    • they would make them learn their language and religion

  • They think their beliefs are better than theirs

Types of Imperialism

• Colony

  • country takes over another weaker nation

  • controlled them politically, economically, socially

  • most controlling

  • indirect management

    • Used by Britain

    • set up how government and let the people participate in it

  • direct management

    • used by the French

    • they would pick someone from their own country and send them to the colony to rule over them

• Protectorate (Dominion)

  • less control than a colony

    • only would get involved if it was a big issue

• Sphere of Influence

  • only there for the money

  • the imperialist nation gets rich

• economic imperialism

  • Similar to sphere of influence

  • a business from the imperialist nation gets rich

Effects of Imperialism

Positive

• improved sanitation

  • provided cleaner water

  • better lifestyle/ longer life span

• school

  • more education opportunities

  • controlled them socially

    • taught them what they would teach them in their original country

  • created a market for them to sell to

  • showed what resources were valuable to them

• infrastructure

  • built railroads, telegraphs, and electric lines

  • things they left behind.

Negative

• loss of land

  • loss control of land that was once theirs

  • effect family dynamic

• loss of lives

  • population changes/ decreased

  • died by war or disease

• spread of disease

  • smallpox

  • large amount of people died

• Famine

  • lack of food

  • used their land to plant cash crops

    • not even food resources

  • took up most of the fertile land

  • people died of starvation

• break down of culture

  • told them how to live

    • lose their culture

  • culture, language, and traditions were lost

• Division of Continent

  • still tension towards Native Americans

    • continuous wars

  • people of different cultures or tribes separated

    • people didn’t get along well

Boer War

• Took place in South Africa

• fought for diamond and gold mines

• War between Zulu, Dutch, and British

  • British won

Economic Systems

• capitalism

• socialism

• communism

Geopolitics

invest in taking of land for its location or for its products

Suez Canal

• connected the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.

  • saved people two weeks of traveling

• It would cost a lot of money

  • they got a loan for $450 million but they couldn’t pay it off so Britain paid it off for them

  • they couldn't pay Britain back so Britain took the Suez Canal from Egypt.

• Sphere of Influence

Sepoy Mutiny

• Indian Soldiers that were trained, dressed, and controlled by the British

• Indians felt assaulted when they figured out that the muskets they used had pig fat in them.

  • In Hindu religion pig fat is a sign of disgrace for them.

• The Indians won, but not too long later British sent troops back to take India back from them

Raj

• 200-year times when the British had control over India

• It took so long to gain their independence because:

  • British didn’t want to let them go because they were prosperous to them. Helped them make a lot of money

  • different religion

    • they didn’t work together

Gandi

• Helped India gain it’s independence

• He used civil disobedience

  • showed them who the victim is

  • he got beaten

  • vasting- starved

• Long process

• 1947- India gains independence

Jewel In the Crown

NickNaname that the British gave to India for the money they were making them

• natural resources

• huge population

  • sell products to

  • willing to buy products from them

• opium

  • drugs

  • sell opium to China for tea

Napoleon

• Born In Corsica France

• The person who conquered Europe

• usually got bullied when he was young

  • short

  • accent

  • not that smart

• When to military school

  • artillery

Colonial Management

• Indirect Management

  • Used by the British

  • When they would set up the government and let people in the colony participate in the government system

• Direct Management

  • Used by the Franch

  • When they would send people from their country to take control over the colony

Corporation

• Stock holder invest into the company

• Examples

  • Carnegie Steal

    • Names after Andrew Carnegie

  • Standard Oil

    • John D. Rockefeller

  • Both invested in railroads

Agricultural Revolution

• Lead to the Industrial Revolutions

  • Agricultural revolution leads to bigger and better food supplies

  • population got bigger, so people had enough food. People started to have more childrens

  • Less farm land available to crop or buy. During this time period everyone bought land, so not everyone would become a farmer

  • People started to move into the city for employment

  • High demands for jobs. No minimum wage

  • Results in cheap labor. Cheap Labor is a must for businesses or industries to start working

• People got better at farming

• Jethro Tull

  • Invented the seed drill

  • Help bury seeds in the ground saving people times and money for the seeds. Worked efficiently helping more crops to be planted than wasted

• Crop Rotation

  • Different crops for different year to help the ground to store more nutrients. They would take nutrients and always put in new nutrient for the next plant

• Robert Bakewell

  • Used Selective breeding

  • Breast feed your best quality stock

    • Farm products increases