brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

integrative control center

peripheral nervous system

peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal)

communication between CNS and body

afferent (PNS)

sensory neurons

efferent (PNS)

motor neurons

somatic nervous system

voluntary movements

sympathetic (automatic nervous system)

mobilizes body systems

fight or flight

parasympathetic (automatic nervous system)

conserves energy

rest and digest responses

meningeal layers

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

grey matter

40% of the brain

• contains brain neural cell bodies

• conducts processes, sends info to various parts of the body

white matter

60% of the brain

• interprets sensory information from various parts of body

cerebellum

balance and motor planning center

when disrupted: ataxia and apraxia

(difficulty planning and executing movements)

how is information passed through the brain?

from prefrontal cortex————-occipital lobe

 Precentral gyrus

Premotor area

◦ Control movement on the opposite

side of the body

Postcentral gyrus

Sensory area

◦ Receives and interprets sensatons

of pain, temperature, touch, and

pressure from the opposite side of

the body

Superior temporal gyrus

Primary auditory cortex

◦ Receives and interprets sounds

Broca’s area

Controls motor components of speech

◦ Dominant in lef hemisphere of right handers…

◦ Expressive aphasia

expressive aphasia

you know what to say but you can’t say it

Wernickes area

Understanding writen and spoken language

◦ Receptve aphasia

receptive aphasia

they can’t understand what you are saying

frontal lobe key function

Personality,

emoton, higher-order thinking,

motor functon

frontal lobe key areas

Primary Motor Cortex

Broca’s Area

temporal lobe key functions

Learning, memory,

auditory processing,

integrating other senses with memory

temporal lobe key areas

primary auditory cortex

parietal lobe key functions

Sensory functon,

speech and language

comprehension

parietal lobe key areas

Primary Sensory Cortex

Wernicke’s Area

occipital lobe key functions

vision

occipital lobe key areas

primary visual cortex

diencephalon

Limbic system

◦ Thalamus, hypothalamus,

hippocampus, amygdala, basal

ganglia, mammillary bodie

thalamus

the “gate keeper”

• virtually every pathway in the brain synapses

within the thalamus before continuing to fnal

destnaton

thalamus functions

the great relayer

Sensory, motor, consciousness, alertness

hypothalamus

link between nervous systems and endocrine system

• function: homeostasis

pituitary gland included

pituitary gland

secretes hormones to control many body processes, particularly autonomic processes

Function: growth, blood pressure, metabolism, body temperature

hippocampus

crucial for memory

Key region afected in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimers disease

Progressive memory loss due to excessive formation of abnormal plaques on neurons

• hippocampus shrinks

amygdala

plays important roles in emotion and behavior

•It is best known for its role in the processing of fear and anger

mammillary bodies

Recollective memory

• Memory information begins within the

hippocampus

fornix

• Limbic system

verbal memory info

• Largest pathway for the hippocampus

midbrain

Origin of cranial nerves III(oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

Produces dopamine = muscle coordination

◦ Parkinson’s disease

midbrain function

function: Role in reward, addiction, and movement

cerebellum

Contributes to coordinaton, balance, fne motor control, equilibrium,

motor learning

medulla oblongata

Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers

pineal gland

produce and secrete melatonin

◦ Internal clock, circadian rhythms: sleep-wake cycles

◦ Third eye- connecton with light

Olfactory Bulbs

Crainall nerve I

◦ Sense of smell

spinal cord

Spinal nerves of PNS emerge from above individual vertebra

Cranial nerve 1 and cranial nerve 2

do not exit the skull

not PNS

spinal nerves

Emerge from spinal cord above individual vertebra, part of PNS

choroid plexus

Specialized cells in pia mater that filter blood and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

CSF

supply CNS tissue with nutrients and CNS tissue exchanges with waste products

hydrocephalus

buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain

seizures/ epilepsy

Abnormal neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex

problems frontal lobe

Lack of Focus, Irritability, Language Difficulty

problems with parietal lobe

Difficulty with Reading, Spatial Misperception

problems with occipital lobe

blind spots, blurry vision

problems with the temporal lobe

Problems with Short- & Long-Term Memory

problems with cerebellum

Difficulty Walking, Slurred Speech

problems with brainstem

Changes in Breath, Difficulty Swallowing