What are the major types of anxiety disorders?
Panic disorder (with and without agoraphobia), agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), OCD, PTSD, and acute stress disorder.
What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders?
Anxiety disorders are more common in females than males.
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What are the major types of anxiety disorders?
Panic disorder (with and without agoraphobia), agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), OCD, PTSD, and acute stress disorder.
What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders?
Anxiety disorders are more common in females than males.
What are two additional anxiety disorders listed in DSM-5-TR?
Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition and substance-induced anxiety disorder.
What is a panic attack according to DSM-5/TR?
A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort with four or more specific symptoms that develop abruptly and peak within 10 minutes.
List four symptoms of a panic attack as per DSM-5/TR criteria.
Palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath.
What is the difference between situationally bound and situationally predisposed panic attacks?
Situationally bound attacks occur in specific situations, while situationally predisposed attacks are more likely to occur in certain settings.
What are the criteria A for panic disorder?
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and at least one attack followed by one month of persistent concern about additional attacks, worry about implications, or significant behavioral change.
What are the criteria B and C for panic disorder?
B: Panic attacks not due to physiological effects of a substance or medical condition. C: Panic attacks not better accounted for by another mental disorder.
What is anxiety sensitivity?
The fear that anxiety symptoms are somehow dangerous.
What percentage of panic disorder cases are accompanied by agoraphobia?
30-50%, with some reports up to 75%.
What is the primary fear associated with agoraphobia in panic disorder?
Fear of having another panic attack.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Characterized by general feelings of dread and heightened sympathetic arousal, not linked to any specific fear or trigger.
What is the DSM-5/TR criteria for GAD?
At least 6 months of excessive anxiety and worry about various events and situations, interpreted as more than expected for the situation.
What was Generalized Anxiety Disorder formerly referred to as?
Free-floating anxiety.
What is the impact of agoraphobia on treatment for panic disorder?
It makes treatment less likely unless the patient receives strong support or the psychologist makes house calls.
How do panic disordered patients often feel about discussing their episodes?
They are often reluctant to discuss episodes for fear of triggering another attack.
What is the significance of the term 'free-floating anxiety'?
It refers to anxiety that is not linked to any specific fear or trigger, as described in Freudian terms.
What are the implications of having a panic attack?
Persistent concern about having additional attacks, worry about implications, and significant behavioral changes.
What is the role of DSM-5/TR in diagnosing anxiety disorders?
It provides the diagnostic criteria for various anxiety disorders, including panic disorder and GAD.
What indicates significant difficulty in controlling anxiety and worry?
A very difficult struggle to regain control, relax, or cope with anxiety and worry.
What are the symptoms required for a diagnosis of anxiety disorder over six months?
Three or more symptoms such as feeling wound up, easily fatigued, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and difficulty with sleep.
What are the three main types of phobic disorders?
Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, and Agoraphobia.
What are the five diagnostic subtypes of specific phobias?
Animal type, Natural environment type, Blood-injection-injury type, Situational type, and Other types.
How does age influence the type of phobia one is likely to develop?
Young children are more likely to have animal phobias, teenagers are more likely to have social phobias, and adults are more likely to develop agoraphobia or claustrophobia.
What are some physical features of anxiety disorders?
Jumpiness, jitters, increased perspiration and heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, and nausea.
What behavioral features are associated with anxiety disorders?
The need to escape or avoid situations, agitation, clinginess, and need for reassurance.
What cognitive features characterize anxiety disorders?
Excessive and prolonged worrying, heightened awareness of bodily sensations, jumbled thoughts, and nagging thoughts.
What are the DSM-5 criteria for Specific Phobia?
How may anxiety manifest in children with specific phobias?
Anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging.
What defines an obsession in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
An intrusive, unwanted, and recurrent thought, image, or urge that seems beyond a person's control.
What is a compulsion in the context of OCD?
A repetitive behavior or mental act that a person feels compelled to perform.
What distinguishes anxiety disorders from Adjustment Disorders?
Anxiety disorders involve persistent anxiety, while Adjustment Disorders are maladaptive reactions to stressors that occur shortly after exposure.
What characterizes Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)?
A traumatic stress reaction occurring in the days and weeks following exposure to a traumatic event.
What is the significance of the duration requirement for phobias in individuals under 18?
The phobia must last at least 6 months to meet diagnostic criteria.
What is the impact of avoidance behavior in phobic situations?
Avoidance or distress in feared situations significantly interferes with routine, occupational, or social functioning.
What is a common misconception about telling someone with anxiety to relax?
Telling someone not to worry is unlikely to be sufficient for managing their anxiety.
What are some examples of specific phobias?
Claustrophobia, fear of heights, and fear of flying.
What is a maladaptive reaction in the context of Adjustment Disorders?
A reaction that interferes with the ability to cope with a situation, leading to impaired functioning or emotional distress.
What is the role of excessive worry in anxiety disorders?
Excessive and prolonged worrying is a cognitive feature of anxiety disorders.
What is a prolonged reaction to a traumatic event that threatens physical safety?
A prolonged reaction to a traumatic event that threatened death or serious injury to one's own or another's physical safety.
What are some features of traumatic stress reactions?
Extreme anxiety or dissociation, intrusive memories & flashbacks, heightened arousal or vigilance, and difficulty concentrating.
Who is Romeo Dallaire and what is his significance in the context of PTSD?
Romeo Dallaire was the former head of the UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanda, discharged for PTSD after the mission in which he witnessed the slaughter of 800,000 to 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
What does the psychodynamic perspective suggest about anxiety?
Anxiety is a warning sign that some unconscious conflict is approaching consciousness.
What is projection according to Freud's theory?
Projection is the perception that some external threat is posed by someone or something else, leading to anxiety.
What is displacement in the context of anxiety?
Displacement refers to anxiety being more likely to be generalized rather than specific.
What is the Two-Factor Model in the learning perspective of anxiety?
The Two-Factor Model, proposed by O. Hobart Mowrer, explains how anxiety can be learned through conditioning.
What is prepared conditioning in relation to phobias?
Prepared conditioning is the idea that we develop phobias to certain things more readily due to a diathesis.
What role do self-defeating beliefs play in anxiety disorders?
Self-defeating or irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety, along with oversensitivity to threat and anxiety sensitivity.
What genetic factors are associated with anxiety disorders?
Higher concordance rates in monozygotic (MZ) twins and neuroticism, which includes tendencies towards anxiety and negative feelings.
What neurotransmitter promotes calmness and is relevant to anxiety disorders?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) promotes calmness and has an inhibitory effect.
What medications are commonly used for anxiety disorders?
Benzodiazepines are medications used for anxiety, insomnia, and seizure disorders.
What is the significance of hyperventilation in panic disorder?
Hyperventilation can bring about panic-like symptoms.
What factors may determine whether anxiety becomes unmanageable?
Genetic predisposition (diathesis) and anxiety sensitivity may influence the severity of anxiety reactions.
What are psychodynamic approaches to treating anxiety disorders?
Psychodynamic approaches include free association and psychoanalysis to resolve deeper conflicts.
How do humanistic approaches assist in treating anxiety?
Humanistic approaches use unconditional positive regard to integrate inauthentic social presentation with the authentic self.
What are SSRIs and SNRIs, and how do they relate to anxiety treatment?
SSRIs and SNRIs are types of antidepressants that may have less enduring benefits compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
What is systematic desensitization in the context of anxiety treatment?
Systematic desensitization exposes individuals to the feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation.
What is the role of virtual reality in treating PTSD?
Virtual reality research is used for combat veterans with PTSD, utilizing eye-tracking software to study responses in a virtual combat environment.
What is important to understand about treatment for anxiety disorders?
Treatment often significantly improves anxiety disorders but does not necessarily eliminate them completely.