Wellness & Homeostasis Lecture Notes

Flashcards for review

Biology

The study of life.

Physiology

Study of normal functions.

Pathology

Study of abnormal functions (disease).

Anatomy

Study of structures and organisms.

Histology

Study of cells and tissues.

Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain its internal environment within acceptable ranges despite the changing external environment.

Thermoregulation

Homeostatic mechanism for maintaining body temperature.

Osmoregulation

Homeostatic mechanism for maintaining water balance.

Respiration

Homeostatic mechanism for regulating levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Sensor/Receptor

Detects the change and sends a signal to the control center.

Control Center

Plans and triggers a response.

Effector

Tissue or gland that carries out the response.

Negative Feedback Loop

A homeostatic mechanism that detects and reverses deviations from normal homeostatic levels.

Anabolism (synthesis)

Building – putting things together

Catabolism (decomposition)

Breaking things down

Responsiveness

The ability to respond to stimuli

Adaptation & Evolution

Change of a closely related group of organisms (species) over time

Prokaryotic Cells

Basic cells found in bacteria. Smaller, lack organelles, lack a true nucleus and carry minimal amount of genetic material

Eukaryotic Cells

Larger more complex cells found in fungi, animal and plant life. Contain organelles, have specialized functions, and have a true nucleus which contains more condensed genetic material

Organelle

A membrane bound structure within a cell that performs some type of cellular function

Connective Tissue

Fibrous tissue made up of cells separated by nonliving material called an “extracellular matrix”

Muscle Tissue

Tissues made up of muscle cells that are used to cause movement

Nervous Tissue

Neural tissue made up of specialized cells called neurons

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue formed by cells that cover the surfaces (internal and external) of organs.

Organ Systems

Two or more organs working together to perform a specific body function

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

This organelle is responsible for binging essential materials into the cell and moving metabolic waste products out of the cell

Lipid Bilayer

Made of 2 layers of Phospholipid Molecules

Hydrophilic

Water-soluble, water-loving.

Hydrophobic

NOT water – soluble, water-fearing.

Integral Protein

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane; Their function is to provide “channels” for bigger ions and molecules to pass into the cell

Peripheral Protein

Structural proteins that sit on the inside of the cell membrane and are connected to cytoskeleton filaments

Alpha Helix Protein

A coil like protein that extends through the membrane and acts as a channel for nutrients entering the cytoplasm

Glyco-Protein

The “ID Tag” of the cell. Proteins attached to carbohydrates that stick out from the outside of the cell. Acts as receptors for hormones and other cells in the body

Solute

A solid substance that dissolves in a liquid substance

Solvent

The liquid that a solute dissolves into

Solute Concentration

The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

Concentration Gradient

The difference in solute concentration between two areas of a solvent

Hypotonic Solution

The concentration of molecules inside the cell is greater than outside the cell.

Isotonic Solution

The concentration of molecules inside the cell is equal to outside the cell.

Hypertonic Solution

The concentration of molecules inside the cell is less than outside the cell.

Passive Transport

Methods of transporting materials in and out of the cell that DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration (Hypertonic Area) to an area of low concentration (Hypotonic Area)

Osmosis

A special type of diffusion involving the movement of water into or out of the cell

Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of larger molecules across the cell membrane with the help of an embedded transport protein

Active Transport

A method of transporting material into (or out of) a cell AGAINST its concentration gradient

Active Transport

Molecules are moved from an area of LOWER concentration to HIGHER concentration

Endocytosis

A specialized form of Active Transport; Used to transport molecules that are too big to pass through a transport protein

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis of larger solid molecules and materials, Cell Eating

Pinocytosis

Endocytosis of liquid material such as dissolved nutrients and other solutes, Cell Drinking

Vesicle

A vesicle

Exocytosis

A Specialized form of Active Transport; Used to EXPORT molecules that are too big to pass through a transport protein

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Our body's currency

Hydrolysis

Adding water