AP World History Flashcards: Topics 4.4-4.7 Terms & Definitions

Indentured Servitude

Arrangements thru which servants were contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage

Chattel Slavery

System in which individuals are considered property to be bought & sold

Asanate Empire & the Kingom of Kongo

The expansion of maritime trading networks supported their growth like some other African states

1498 Vasco de Gama

Invaded the Swahili city-states, most being thriving commercial centers in the Indian Ocean trade; Portuguese took over trade in Kilwa, Mombasa & other city-states by sending heavily armed ships & building forts

Japanese trade restrictions

By missionaries, thousands of Japanese converted to Christianity, but some intolerant Christians destroyed Buddhist shrines causing the Japanese gov. in 1587 to ban Christian worship services & take additional steps over the next 40 years to persecute Christians & limit foreign influences

Japan, 1630s

The gov. had expelled almost all foreigners, banned most foreign books, & prohibited Japanese people from traveling abroad

Japan's Isolation

Japan was partially isolated from the rest of the world for over 2 centuries (exempting some Dutch merchants living on a small island in Nagasaki harbor) though it continued some trade with China, carried out mostly by regional lords

Ming Dynasty

Attempted to limit outside influence on China by restricting trade; they prohibited private foreign trade, destroyed some dockyards, limited the size of ships that could be built, & began reconstructing the Great Wall

Seven Years' War

Mid-18th century, France & Great Britain with their respective allies fought for power on 5 continents; Britain's victory in 1763 drove the French out of India

East India Company (EIC)

Established small forts on coasts that focused only on making profit thru trade & controlled very little land, but started expanding, taking advantage of tensions between Muslims & Hindus in India and increasing its political power thru treaties with local rulers

Sepoys

European-trained Indian private forces that helped the EIC move inland, which spread its influence so Britain ultimately intervened in India politically & militarily to the extent that it controlled much of it

The British Global Network

Britain set up trading posts in West Africa - the Asante Empire limiting their impact; trading posts in Africa, India & elsewhere paved the way for globalization

How did American population change with European contact?

the Aztec Empire in Mexico & the Inca Empire in South America each had 10 to 15 million people before European arrival, but the spread of European diseases caused their populations to plummet & both empires fell swiftly when the Spanish attacked

New Spain

Cortés's forces in Mexico overthrew the Aztec by 1521, establishing this colony; the Spaniards melted down the Aztecs' treasures & sent the gold home; they destroyed Tenochtitlan, building their own capital (Mexico City)

Francisco Pizarro

he & his crew attacked the Inca & kidnapped Atahualpa (their leader), offering to release him for gold & the Inca complied (they killed Atahualpa anyways in 1533)

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Spain & Portugal divided the Americas between them - Spain got all lands west of a meridian that went thru eastern South America & Portugal got all lands east of the line (sounds kinda unfair ngl)

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Spanish explorer who founded a fort in St.Augustine on the East Coast of Florida in 1565

Great Peace of Montreal (1701)

The Iroquois, a powerful tribe originally allied with Britain, began to realize the British posed more of a threat than the French so they signed this peace treaty with their former rivals

Portuguese interest in the Indian Ocean trade

They arrived with superior navy forces, religious zeal, & determination to profit from the diverse products being traded; Portuguese used their better military to take control of trade, making a string of armed trading posts

Battle of Diu (1509)

the Portuguese had a decisive victory in the Arabian Sea over the combined forces of Gujaratis, the Egyptian Mamluks, & the Zamorin of Calicut with Venice's (Portugal's rival) support

Continuities in the Indian Ocean Trade

Merchants in the trade continued as before in many ways despite European control: they payed for the right to use certain ports/passageways & developed trade links thru traditional networks

Hispaniola

Columbus was convinced his 1st voyage that there was gold here, but they were wrong so they kidnapped Tainos & took them to Spain to bring back something valuable (...and slaughtered the rest)

Encomienda

A system established by the Spanish in the early 1500s to gain access to gold & other resources in the Americas

Encomenderos

landowners who compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter; this coercive labor system was known for brutality & harsh living conditions

Conquistadores

often granted land by the Spanish crown as a reward for their efforts

Hacienda System

Arose when landowners developed agriculture on their lands; to work the fields, they used coerced labor

Silver

The discovery in Mexico & Peru revived economic fortune for explorers & Spain and using mercury to separate silver from ore increased profitability of silver mining; the cities of Zacatecas, Mexico & Potosí in the Andes by the 16th century end were thriving silver mine centers

Spanish silver mining

Spanish needed labor, but the indigenous population would do all but the most dangerous work so Spanish authorities made the Incan mit'a system into a coerced labor system; villages needed to send a % of their male population to do dangerous work in mines

Mit'a system

Young men were required to devote a certain labor amount to public works projects

Mercantilism

An economic system that increased government control of the economy thru high tariffs & colony establishment

Other mercantilist ways to increase wealth

A colonizing country needed to export more than it imported; the % of silver the Spanish crown got was used to build up the military & foreign trade

Portuguese in West Africa

Portuguese trading fleets in the latter part of the 1400s came to the kingdom of the kongo seeking slaves that they initially took back to Europe to work as domestic slaves

What did slavery do?

Slavery existed in Africa before Europeans, but the Atlantic slave trade wreaked the most havoc on society

Why were Africans enslaved?

Indigenous people in the Americas were mostly killed by disease & the surviving ones forced into labor often escaped bondage as they were more familiar with the territory, had social networks to protect them, & could easily camoflauge themselves; efforts to enslave Native Americans failed

Labor for Plantations in North America

Plantation owners recruited European indentured servants who would only work for a specified amount of time & if they survived, they'd be free so landowners didn't think indigenous captives & them were ideal workers

Capturing Slaves

A violent affair, African leaders realized they could economically benefit from the slave trade so they invaded neighboring kingdoms for slaves & also willingly handed over individuals from their own lower rungs of society - war prisoners, servants or criminals

King Afonso of Kongo

Understood slave raids weren't easily controllable; initially allowed slave trading, but didn't want to give his society's elite to slavery nor let Kongo be depopulated; his subjects undermined him, trading slaves without his involvement

Barracoons

holding pens in West Africa captive Africans were taken to; "slave castles"

Middle Passage

the grueling journey across the Atlantic; middle part of the captive's journey; slave traders crammed their captives in the dark cargo section of a ship, providing them little water, food, or room for movement

Journey to the Americas

up to 1/2 a ship's slave captives may die; over the hundreds of years of the Atlantic slave trade, 10 to 15% of all captives died before reaching the Americas

What did the exportation of slaves cause?

What was required to keep the population continuing in the country of captivity caused a century-long decline in population in African home countries

What did slavery do?

It resulted in a migration of status - free person to enslaved - and disrupted family organization - families were often separated & polygyny became more common

Mixing of Ethnic groups

resulted in new groups of multiracial people like mestizos & mulattos; people with African roots helped shape & enrich the language + culture of societies they were brought into

Indian Ocean Slave Trade

long-running slave trade; by overland routes or in the Indian Ocean, slaves from East Africa were sold to buyers in North Africa, the Middle East, & India

Indian Ocean Slaves' Jobs

Slaves were most likely to work in seaports as laborers, as household servants, sailors, or soldiers; they even had some opportunity to work with free laborers

Rights of Indian Ocean Slaves

Some slaves could develop communities; slaves in Islamic communities had certain rights (could marry)

Capital

money for investment

Commercial Revolution

expansion of trade and business

Price Revolution

period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

Joint-stock companies

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

East India Company

a British trading company that set up large, profitable trading post colonies in India

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

polgyny

more than one wife

Creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America

Santeria

Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs

Vodun

African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.

Candomble

African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.

Viceroys

a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.

Audiencias

advisory groups to viceroys in Spanish America

Dahomey

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

Oyo

the powerful slave trading empire of the Yoruba ethnic group in west and north central Nigeria

Ndongo

Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of Queen Nzinga

Matamba

A pre-colonial African state located in what is now modern day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonization attempts.

Black Sea

Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

Steppe

sparse, dry, treeless grassland

Maratha Empire

1674 CE - 1820 CE

Mirs

village communes

Ana Nzinga

17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.

Yemelyan Pugachev

Cossack who led an unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the 1770s.

Queen Nanny

Escaped slavery, united all the maroons of the island ad the Jamaicans recognized her as a national hero.

James II

the last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Mary II

Daughter of James II. Married to William III, enthroned as protestant leader.

Mohegan

Name one American tribe in the United States

Pequot

A member of an American Indian people of southern New England.

Wampanoag

the Indians that were invited to the first Thanksgiving

Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Metacom's War

Metacoms War/King Phillips War (1675 - 1676)

Pugachev Rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Pueblo Revolt

1680, revolt of indigenous laborers led by shaman named Pope'. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years

Maroon Wars

Conflicts between the Jamaica Maroon settlements and the British after the British gained control of the island from the Spanish.

Gloucester County Rebellion

Revolt in what is now USA was the Gloucester County Rebellion in Virginia 1663.

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England

Mehmed II

"the Conqueror"; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople, 1453, and destroyed the Byzantine Empire.

Akbar the Great

known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government

Roxelana

Suleimans wife

Qing Dynasty

China's last dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912

Manchu

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire.

Li Chengdong

Han Chinese General, three separate massacres.

Liu Liangzuo

Han Chinese defector massacred an entire population killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people.

Louis XIV

French king who personified absolute monarchy.

Ivan IV

Ivan the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar

Timar System

the idea of feudalism (land for service)

Harem

"sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided

Boyar

a landowning noble of Russia