VCE Chemistry Organic Reaction Pathways, Organic Chemistry Functional Groups (VCE Chemistry ) Sac revision

Reaction type:

Haloalkane → Alcohol

Substitution, NaOH(aq) (HO-), no catalyst

Haloalkane → Alcohol

substitution of OH-

Reaction type:

Alkene → Alkane

addition of H₂

Ni(s) catalyst

Reaction type:

Alkene → Poly(alkene)

Addition polymerization

catalyst

Primary Alkanol → Aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

Strong oxidant (MnO₄⁻/H⁺ (permanganate) or Cr₂O₇2-/H⁺ (dichromate)),

heat

Secondary Alkanol → Ketone

Strong oxidant (MnO₄⁻/H⁺ (permanganate) or Cr₂O₇2-/H⁺ (dichromate)),

catalyst of H₂SO₄

Reaction type:

Alkene → Alkanol

ADDITION of H2O(g)

Catalyst of phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄s)

Heat 300⁰C

Reaction type:

Alkane → Haloalkane

SUBSTITUTION of Halogen (Cl2)

catalyst of UV light

Reaction type:

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol → Ester + water

Condensation or esterification

catalyst of concentrated H₂SO₄ (liquid)

Conditions/Reagents:

Haloalkane → Amine

NH3 Concentrated ammonia solution break to (NH2/H) NH2 substitutes with halogen.

Ester + water → Carboxylic acid + Alcohol

HYDROLYSIS of H2O, catalyst of heat

what is condensation?

two molecules diff functional groups combine

larger to form new functional group

eliminate molecule H2o

Alkane reaction pathways:

1. Oxidation:

- combustion CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

2. Substitution: *

- alkane→haloalk→alcohol

- alkane→haloalk→amine

need uv light for alkane reaction

Types of structural isomers

chain isomers

positional isomers

chain isomers

branched / straight chain molecules

butane, methylpropane

positional isomers

function group placed in different places

butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol

stereoisomer

different spacial positioning

geometric isomers

optical isomers

geometric isomers

restricted rotation because of a double bond

cis/trans

cis/ trans (which sides)

cis = same side

trans = opposite side

optical isomers

different 3D arrangements of groups around one or more atoms

chiral molecules

The C atom attached to 4 DIFFERENT groups is a chiral center

chiral

molecules with a chiral center and which can not be superimposed

Chiral center

a carboon bonded to four different groups

enantiomers

pair of chiral molecules

Occur when:

₋ carbon bonded to 4 diff groups

achiral

non chiral molecules

properties of optical isomers

physical properites are the same

bend light differntly

very different chemical properties and how they react

priority

carboxyl

hydroxyl

amine

alkene

alkyne

halo

miscible

two liquids which are soluable together

flash points

lowest temp where a liquid will create flamable vapour

Atom economy

Molar mass of desired products over Molar mass of reactants

Yield

Actual mass over theoretical mass of desired products