Chemistry Chapter 4- electrons

What is radiant energy?

Radiant energy is the energy light travels through space.

What type of waves does light travel in?

Light travels in electromagnetic waves.

What are the four characteristics used to describe light?

Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.

What is amplitude in the context of waves?

Amplitude is how high the wave is from its original point.

How is wavelength (λ) measured?

Wavelength is measured in nanometers (nm).

What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

They have an inverse relationship; as wavelength increases, frequency decreases.

What is Planck's Theory?

Planck's Theory states that energy emitted or absorbed by an object is restricted to fixed amounts called quanta.

What is the equation that links energy and frequency according to Planck?

E = hv, where h is Planck's constant.

What is the photoelectric effect?

The photoelectric effect is when electrons are ejected from a metal surface when light shines on it, provided the light has a specific frequency.

Who explained the photoelectric effect using Planck's ideas?

Albert Einstein.

What is Bohr's Model of the Atom?

Bohr's Model suggests that electrons have quantized energy levels and can jump between these levels when they absorb or emit energy.

What is the significance of the quantum number (n) in Bohr's Model?

The quantum number (n) indicates the energy level of an electron, with n=1 being the ground state.

What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?

It states that it is impossible to know both the position and speed of an electron simultaneously.

What is the Quantum-Mechanical Model of the atom?

It explains the probability of finding electrons in certain locations around the nucleus, represented as a blurry cloud of negative charge.

What is an atomic orbital?

An atomic orbital is the region around the nucleus where an electron with a given energy is likely to be found.

What are the shapes of the different types of orbitals?

s-orbitals are spherical, p-orbitals are dumbbell-shaped, and d-orbitals have a double dumbbell shape.

s-orbital 

sphere, 1 type, holds 2 electrons 

p-orbital

dumbell, 3 types, holds 6 electrons 

d-orbital 

2 dumbells or hamburger, 5 types, holds 10 electrons 

f-orbital

no real shape, 7 types, 14 electrons

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

It states that each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.

What is the Aufbau Principle?

Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbital available until all electrons are used.

What is Hund's Rule?

Electrons remain unpaired until each subshell has one electron, then they pair up.

What are exceptions to the Aufbau Principle?

Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu) are exceptions; they prefer half-filled subshells.

What is the speed of light?

The speed of light is a constant, c, equal to 3.00 x 10^8 m/s.

What is a line spectrum?

A line spectrum shows only specific colors emitted at certain wavelengths.

What is a continuous spectrum?

A continuous spectrum shows the entire visible light spectrum without gaps.

What is the atomic emission spectrum?

The atomic emission spectrum is the light given off by an element, acting like a fingerprint for that element.

What are matter waves?

Matter waves are the wave-like properties of particles, as proposed by De Broglie.