bio exam 4

Fossil impression

Hardened and mineralized mud containing organisms; Fossils in amber

Fossil impression

Hardened and mineralized mud containing organisms

Fossils in amber

Organisms trapped and preserved in tree sap

Contemporary fossil anatomy

DNA and proteins

Formation of Earth

Big Bang Theory

Origin of prokaryotes

"Thin warm soup" earliest life forms

Stromatolites

Fossil evidence of prokaryotes that are banded, stratified domes of mineralized sediments

Photosynthesis

First appearance of cyanobacteria

Aerobic cellular respiration

Capacity to utilize newly released O2 in extraction of ATP from glucose

Earliest eukaryotes

Developed from symbiotic union of community of prokaryotes (protista)

Radiation evolution

Lead to appearance of eukaryotic kingdoms (plantae, animalia, fungi)

Earliest animal fossils

Soft-bodied invertebrates (sponges, jellyfish)

Invasion of land

Carried out by plants and fungus

Chemical evolution in early Earth

Chemical reactions between simple inorganic chemicals produced complex organic chemicals

Stanley Miller experiment

Possibility of abiotic synthesis of monomers

Panspermia

At least some organic molecules reached the earth from extraterrestrial sources

Hydrothermal deep sea vents

Release of organic monomers and polymer across deep sea vents

Clay surface

Most likely location of development of life

Ubiquitous habits

Aquatic (plankton community)

Symbiotic relationships

mutualism & parasitism

Mutualism relationship

Each symbiont benefits

Parasitism relationship

One symbiont benefits, one symbiotic is damaged

Free-living bacteria

Coccus, bacillus, spirillum

Coccus

Spherical form (strept throat)

Bacillus

Rod-shaped form (anthrax)

Spirilla

Cork screw (lyme disease)

Peptidoglycan cell wall

Bacteria cell wall

Gram stain (+)

Blue, peptidoglycan, non-toxic

Gram stain (-)

Red/pink, complex structure, pathogenic, gelatinous

Phototaxis

Movement in response to light

Chemotaxis

Movement in response to chemicals

Binary fission

Division into 2 equivalent cells

Conjugation

Para-sexual process to genetic recombination

Pathogenic bacteria

Bacteria that can cause disease

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria

Endosymbiotic theory

Explains development from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells (chloroplast and mitochondrion with mutualistic symbiotic union)

Chloroplast in Endosymbiotic Theory

Cyanobacterium became chloroplast

Mitochondrion in Endosymbiotic Theory

Circular form with their own DNA

Heterotrophic

Obtain nutrients from an outside source (absorption)

Saprophytic nutrition

Nutritive source was one living but no longer alive

Parasitic nutrition

Nutrient source is still alive

Vegetative mycelium

Gross through decomposing leaf/bark litter

Septate

Filament of cells with single nucleus

Coenocytic

large, multinucleated cells

Mycorhizae

"Root fungus" that transports NPK

Ascomycetes

"Cup/sac fungi" generally saprophytic (rotting tree)

Basidiomycetes

"Club fungi" generally saprophytic

Fungi imperfecti

Grow in un-sexual colonies (asexual)

Molds

Crusty mycelium

Yeasts

Unicellular fungi in anaerobic conditions

Medicinal use of fungi

Vaso-constrictor, limits post-parfumerie loss of blood

Pathogenic fungi

Ascomycetes

Lichens

Union of funguses and alga

Symbiotic relationship of lichen

Fungus and alga

Ecological roles of alga

Photosynthetic and provided nutrients

Ecological roles of fungus

Suspends alga with mycelium

Crustose lichen

Closely appressed to substate (bark, rock)

Fruticose lichen

Shrubby

Foliose lichen

Leafy

Simple leaf

Single leaf (blade and petiole)

Compound leaf

Multiple leaflets from a single petiole

Palmately compound leaf

Leaflets arranged like palm of hand

Pinnately compound leaf

Feather-like arrangement

Stolon stem

Above ground horizontal stem in asexual reproduction

Tuber stem

Subterranean (below ground) storage stem

Rhizome stem

Horizontal subterranean (below ground) stem for asexual reproduction

Bulb stem

Shortened, storage structure surrounded by leaves

Taproot

Large, deep primary root with small root extensions

Fibrous root

Roots of equivalent sizes that spread to utilize surface water

Prop root

Support tall, heavy plants (corn)

Pneumatophores root

Obtains oxygen, situated above water

Buttress root

Widened roots that provide support

Strangling/aerial roots

Support vine at expense of host tree

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transfers water and dissolved nutrients (NPK) from roots upward through stem and laterally to branch leaves

Phloem

Vascular tissue that carries photosynthesis from leaves downward to non-photosynthetic regions

Sepals (non-sexual)

Outermost whorl

Petals (non-sexual)

Bright colors attract insect pollinators along with nectar guides that indicated nectaries

Stamen

Sexual male structure

Anther (male)

Pollen sac

Pollen grains (male)

Released for produce sperm

Filament (male)

Stalk

Pistil/carpel

Female structure at core/center of whorls

Stigma (female)

Expanded surface at tip that might contain resin drop for holding pollen grains

Style (female)

Elongated region leading to ovary

Ovary (female)

Expanded base containing ovules

Ovules (female)

Each contains a single egg which results in meiosis

Radial symmetry

Symmetry based on a circle or sphere that produces 2 mirror images when bisects

Bilateral symmetry

Symmetry based on a longitudinal axis of an organism with only one axis that produces 2 mirror images

Complete flower

All structures are present

Incomplete flower

One or more whorls are missing (often lacing petals)

Perfect sexual structure

Structurally bisexual flower with both genders

Imperfect sexual structure

Unisexual flower with either stamens (male) or pistils (female)

Pollination

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Vectors

Agents of pollen transfer

Self pollination

Pollen transfer with same flower

Cross pollination (preferred)

Pollen is transferred to stigma of another flower in population

Pollen tube germination

Pollen grain is held at stigmatic surface by resin or spiked burrs

Double fertilization produces... (2)

1) 1 sperm fertilizes egg cell (zygote)

2) 1 sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei in ovule (3N fusion nucleus/endosperm

Simple fruits

Derived from single ovary