Historical Theology II - Final

Solomon Stoddard

Grandfather of Jonathan Edwards

Leading Pastor in Northampton, Mass. for 55 yrs

Responsible in part for Halfway Covenant

Halfway Covenant

Offered limited form of church membership to the unconverted - those who had been baptized but not converted or who did not follow creeds

John Wesley

Born in England

Founder of Methodism alongside George Whitefield

Arminian Soteriology - taught Christian perfectionism

Jonathan Edwards

American Puritan Pastor in Northampton, Mass.

Wrote 70 Resolutions/Religious Affections/Divine and Supernatural Light/Freedom of the Will

Participated in Great Awakening

Defended revivals of the Great Awakening

Kicked out of the church after 20 years

Died from smallpox inoculation

Religious Affections

Book written by Edwards as a treatise on Conversion which much be evidenced by fruit of a changed life

Freedom of the Will

Edwards book that stated that God has free will and everyone else has dependent free will; compatibilism

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

Charles Wesley

Brother of John Wesley

Founds "the Holy Club" at Oxford

Hymnwriter, penned over 6000 hymns

George Whitefield

Colleague with John and Charles Wesley

Known for preaching, evangelism, 13 transatlantic trips

Convicted after reading "The Life of God in the Soul of Man" which Charles Wesley gave to him, strives for holiness, but not converted until 1735

Methodists

Name given to those of the Oxford "Holy Club"

Grew out of Anglicanism

Committed to a methodical approach of studying Scripture and living a holy life

Oxford University

University where Charles Wesley founds the Holy Club, and where he meets John Wesley and George Whitefield

Holy Club

Club founded by Charles Wesley, participants mockingly called Methodists

Henry Scougal

Puritan author of the book, "The Life of God in the Soul of Man" which convicted Whitefield, eventually led to his conversion

Sophy Hopkey

Romantic interest of John Wesley in Georgia, and he tried to keep her from having communion, ended with him being sued with defamation by Sophy's husband and him fleeing back to England

Mary Vazeille

John Wesley's wife

Not a happy marriage; she left him

She was suspicious of his interactions with other women

Gilbert Tennent

One of the "New Light" Puritans (supporter of the Great Awakening)

Said that those who did not approve of the Great Awakening (Old Light) may not be saved

David Brainerd

Missionary to the Native American Indians

Died at age 29

Impressed Jonathan Edwards so that he published his biography and diary

New Light Presbyterians

Supported the Great Awakening

Old Light Presbyterians

Did not support the Great Awakening

Yale

School in New England started in 1702 (year before Jonathan Edwards was born) where Edwards attended and taught

Princeton (College of New Jersey)

Established by New Light Presbyterians where Edwards was a president for about a month

Northampton, Mass.

Where Stoddard pastored for 55 years and Edwards pastored for over 20 years

Enfield, Conn.

Where Edwards preached "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

New Haven, Conn.

Where Yale University is located

Stockbridge, Mass.

Edwards spent last 6-7 years of his life here before he came down to Princeton, NJ, pastoring and ministering to the Housatonic American Indians.

Died in Princeton from smallpox inoculation

Samuel Davies

One of the early presidents of the New College of NJ (Princeton)

John Witherspoon

President of the College of NJ (Princeton) for 25 years; revival broke out during his tenure, one of his students, John McMillan, was saved; he was a signer of the Declaration of Independence

John McMillan

Took the gospel to western PA (Pittsburgh), had very effective ministry there; “the apostle to the west”

Princeton Theological Seminary

Founded years after Princeton University, not to be confused; Archibald Alexander was one of the founders

Archibald Alexander

Founder of Princeton Theological Seminary

Charles Hodge

Wrote major Systematic Theology

Taught at Princeton, both Theology and Biblical Studies

Fought against Darwinism, new measures, higher criticism, impacted Princeton Theologians

Mentor of Green/Archibald Alexander?

Ashbel Green

One of the founders of Princeton Seminary; later became president of Princeton University

James M'Gready

Student of McMillan, went from western PA to Kentucky and started holding outdoor camp meetings

Francis Asbury

2nd generation Methodist leader who came to America

Went around as an itinerant evangelist, almost 300,000 miles on horseback

Peter Cartwright

Frontier revivalist Methodist preacher; the story is told of a disturbance in the crowd, which he came down from the pulpit to thrash the disruptors with his coat, and then returned to preaching; he was anti-Calvinist

Camp Meetings

a tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hellfire speeches

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Started using New Measures

New Measures

New techniques such as physical responses to preaching, long meetings, emotionalism, calling for a decision with altar calls/mourners bench, promoted by Finney in the 2nd Awakening

Asahel Nettleton

Primary opponent of Charles Finney - Boston Area

Lyman Beecher

Initially critic of Finney, later convinced that the New Measures were effective for creating revival

Gardiner Spring

Primary opponent of Charles Finney; New York Area

Nathaniel Taylor

Guy at Yale who advocated a new form of Calvinism.

Developed New Divinity which was an attempt to make Calvinism acceptable to Unitarians. Semi-Palagian Theology (New Haven Theology)

Arminian form of Calvinism (not Calvinism)

New Divinity Theology

Charles Finney's theological backdrop for his new measures; the ability of the sinner to convert himself, people are born basically good

Rene Descartes

Wrote, "A Discourse on the Method"

Started Rationalism

"I Think, therefore I Am"

Emphasis on Reason

John Locke

First empiricist (we can learn about everything we need to through science)

The Age of Enlightenment

A movement that attempted to apply unaided human philosophy to all areas of man's life in order to establish a new social order.

Rationalism

Emphasis on reason

Romanticism

Reaction against Rationalism; said that the meaning of life can be found in the pursuit of one's own happiness (art, beauty, music) emphasis on experientialism

Deism

A God created this world, but not actively involved; practical atheism

Baruch Spinoza

Dutch theologian who denied the supernatural character of the Hebrew Scriptures; was excommunicated from his Jewish community; said the Bible ought to be treated like any other book; signaled the beginning of the denial of supernaturalism with Scripture

Johann Eichhorn

Person who began to deny the miracle accounts in the OT; taught that the Scriptures were the result of several different editorial changes; miracle accounts were natural events or legends

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Father of Modern Liberal Theology

Son of Lutheran Chaplain who had a shipwreck of faith

Denied the Historical truth claims of the Bible

Developed a New Christianity based on religious experience rooted in Romanticism

Ferdinand C. Bauer

Applied Hegelian Dialectics to Scripture (Thesis/Antithesis/Synthesis)

Georg W. V. Hegel

Came up with Hegelian Dialectic Model

Hegelian Dialectics

thesis, antithesis, synthesis - a theory of the composition of the NT (James and Peter, Paul, etc.)

David F. Strauss

Pioneer in the quest for the historical Jesus studies

Quest for the Historical Jesus

The idea that the Jesus in Scripture is not the historical Jesus, but that He must be found elsewhere; resulting in the interpreter creating a Jesus of your own imagination

Benjamin Jowett

Anglican minister who in 1860 published a book "Essays and Reviews" in which he and his colleagues began to adopt the higher critical views and propound them into the English language

Charles Darwin

Published his famous work "The Origin of Species" in 1859

Albrecht Ritschl

German Father of the Social Gospel Christianity needs to be based not on the Bible's claims or Emotionalism (Schleiermacher), but social ethics

Julius Wellhausen

Invented/Founded the Documentary Hypothesis (JEDP); Source Criticism

Documentary Hypothesis

The Pentateuch has 4 different authors: JEDP; this is called "source criticism;" similar ideas would soon be applied to the rest or Scripture; developed by Julius Wellhausen

Adolf von Harnack

Talked about and compared finding the truth of Jesus to finding an "ear of corn", peeling back the layers to get to the "kernel of truth"

Hermann Gunkel

Developed Form Criticism (like Rudolph Bultmann)

Rudolf Bultmann

Developed form criticism (like Hermann Gunkel); his goal was to "de-mythologize" the text; argued that if one could get rid of all the supernatural, Christianity would be more palatable to the enlightened mind

Source Criticism

Higher criticism that denies the internal and traditional claims to authorship

Form Criticism

Higher criticism that denies divine inspiration and looks to other literature/traditions, that were used to compose the text

Redaction Criticism

Higher criticism that denies the integrity of the text, saying that it was changed over time by unknown editors

Neo-Orthodoxy

Reaction against liberalism, championed by Karl Barth, but a deficient view of the resurrection and Scripture

Karl Barth

A liberal theologian in the early 20th century, but who reacted against his liberalism after the outbreaks of World War I and World War II, which destroyed his optimism for social and human development or evolution; taught in Basel

Emil Brunner

Neo-orthodox theologian, like Karl Barth, but had a falling out with him; theistic evolutionist; accepted higher criticism of Biblical documents; taught in Zurich

John Elliot

Indian apostle; missionary to the Algonquin Indians and translated the Bible into their language

Thomas Mayhew

Part of the Mayhew family, evangelized the Indians of Martha's Vineyard

David Brainerd

Grandfather of the Modern Missions Movement -- His biography and journal (by Edwards) fall into William Carey's hands (The Father of the modern missions movement)

William Carey

Father of the Modern Missions Movement -- Inspired by Brainerd's biography, Missionary to India, Bible Translation projects into Sanskrit/Bengali

Adoniram Judson

Came from America to assist William Carey in India, went to Burma, translated Bible into Burmese

J. Hudson Taylor

Took the gospel to China; one of the first to penetrate the interior of China; established China Inland Mission

David Livingstone

Took the gospel to the heart of Africa; part missionary, part explorer

Mormonism

Established by Joseph Smith, called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

Joseph Smith

A known con-artist, founder of Mormonism, found golden tablets, translated them into the Book of Mormon, Pearl of Great Price, and the Doctrines and Covenants

Bringham Young

Joseph Smith's successor, had 50 wives, moved Mormonism to Salt Lake City, Utah

Seventh-Day Adventists

Founded by William Miller, guided by Ellen G. White

William Miller

Founder of Seventh-Day Adventists; student of Bible prophecy; claimed Jesus would return in 1843, then 1844, but he did not come, but started a "second work of Atonement" by Christ, His "investigative judgment."

Ellen G. White

Prophetess of the Seventh-Day Adventists; Taught Christians should worship on the Sabbath and obey certain dietary laws

Christian Science

Founded by Mary Baker Eddy; neither Christian nor science; regurgitation of gnostic ideas that the world is an illusion

Mary Baker Eddy

Founded Christian Science

Jehovah's Witnesses

Grew out of the Watch Tower Society, founded by Charles Taze Russell

Charles Taze Russell

Founder of the Zion's Watchtower Tract Society; influenced by the Millerite movement; claimed that Jesus had invisibly returned in 1874 and that Armageddon started at the outbreak of World War I; his follower Samuel Rutheford founded the Jehovah's Witness movement that we know today

Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society

Founded by Charles Taze Russell; became the Jehovah's Witnesses

Temperance Movement

Started by Benjamin Rush; saw the problems of the American church as being rooted in alcoholism; led to the 18th amendment of the U.S. Constitution

Benjamin Rush

Doctor of the late 18th century who realized alcohol has adverse health effects; started the temperance movement

Goodwill

Organized in Edgar J. Helms' church in Boston around 1900.

Parachurch organization focused on poverty in 19-20th century America to address social problems

Salvation Army

Parachurch organization of the 19th century, addressed social problems, started in England then came to America, associated with YMCA

YMCA

Parachurch organization, associated with Salvation Army

Social Gospel

Started by Horace Bushnell who introduced "progressive orthodoxy" into the church

Redefinition of the true biblical gospel in terms of social justice; tried to meet the social needs of society

Washington Gladden

American Father of the Social Gospel; student of Horace Bushnell (who introduced progressive theology in America)

Charles Sheldon

Popularized the Social Gospel by writing "In His Steps: What would Jesus do?"

Walter Rauschenbusch

Popularized the Social Gospel by publishing "Christianity and the Social Crisis" in the early 1900s

Liberalism

Christian Liberalism is that which claims to be Christian but does not believe the historical truth of biblical narratives

Harry Emerson Fosdick

Famous 20th century pastor in NY; preached "Shall the Fundamentalists Win?" Where he argues Christians need to stand up against Fundamentalism