Bones and Joints

Flashcards for anatomy class.

Axial Skeleton

Skull, hyoid bone, sternum, ribs, vertebral column (sacrum and coccyx)

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of appendages or extremities, including scapula, clavicle, and pelvis

Cortical (Compact) Bone

Dense bone lining the outermost portion of bones

Cancellous Bone

Porous bone composing the inner portions of bone, redirects forces toward weight-bearing surfaces

Diaphysis

Central shaft of a long bone, composed of cortical bone, withstands compressive forces

Epiphyses

Expanded portions of bone arising from the diaphysis, composed of cancellous bone, typically makes up the joint

Articular Cartilage

Lines the articular surface of each epiphysis, acts as a shock absorber between joints

Periosteum

Tough membrane covering each long bone, highly vascularized and innervated, secures attachments of muscles and ligaments

Medullary Canal

Central hollow tube within the diaphysis of a long bone, stores bone marrow and provides passage for nutrient-carrying arteries

Endosteum

Membrane that lines the surface of the medullary canal

Long Bones

•Majority of appendicular skeleton

•longitudinal shafts

•contain expanded portions at ends that make up the joint (e.g., femur, humerus, metacarpals, radius)

Short Bones

Lengths, widths, and heights are typically equal (e.g., carpal bones of the hand)

Flat Bones

Typically flat or slightly curved, broad surface provides an expansive base for muscular attachments (e.g., scapula, sternum)

Irregular Bones

Wide variety of shapes and sizes (e.g., vertebrae, bones of face and skull, sesamoid bones)

Sesamoid Bones

Subcategory of irregular bones, small, rounded appearance, encased within tendon of muscle, protects tendon and increases muscle leverage (e.g., patella)

Synarthrosis

A junction between bones that allows little to no movement. Functions to firmly bind bones together and transmit force from one bone to another. (Skull sutures)

Amphiarthrosis

Formed by fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. Limited motion allowed. Play an important role in shock absorption. (Intervertebral discs)

Diarthrosis/Synovial Joint

An articulation that contains a fluid filled joint cavity between two or more bones. Referred to as synovial joints because of the synovial fluid in the joint cavity. (Most joints)

Hinge Joint

Allows motions in one plane about a single axis of rotation. (Humeroulnar joint)

Pivot Joint

Allows rotation about a single longitudinal axis of rotation. (Proximal radioulnar joint)

Ellipsoid Joint

Has one convex elongated surface in one dimension mated with a matching concave surface. Allows motion in two planes (Radiocarpal joint)

Ball and Socket Joint

Composed of the articulation between a spherical convex surface and a matching cup-like socket. (Glenohumeral joint)

Plane Joint

Composed of the articulation between two relatively flat boney surfaces. Limited motion allowed. Sliding and rotating allowed in many directions. (ex: Intracarpal joints of hand)

Saddle Joint

Typically allow extensive motion primarily in two planes. Each partner of the has two surfaces: one concave and one convex. Curved surfaces are oriented approximately at right angles, producing stability. (Sternoclavicular Joint)

Condyloid Joint

Composed of the articulation between a large, rounded, convex member and a relatively shallow concave member. Allow 2 degrees of freedom.

Type 1 Collagen

Thick and rugged, designed to resist elongation. Ligaments, tendons, and fibrous capsules.

Type 2 Collagen

Thinner and less stiff. Flexible woven framework for maintaining the general shape and consistency of structures such as hyaline cartilage.

Elastin Fibers

Elastic in nature, resist stretch(tensile) forces but have more give when elongated.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Plantar

Sole or bottom of the foot

Dorsal

Refers to the top or superior portion of the foot

Dorsiflexion

Movement at the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and the shin.

Plantarflexion

Movement at the ankle that increases the angle between the foot and the shin (pointing the toes).

Inversion

Lifting the medial border of the foot.

Eversion

Lifting the lateral border of the foot.

Talocrural Joint

Ankle joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus.

Subtalar Joint

Located between the talus and calcaneus.

Anterior Compartment Muscles

Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Fibularis Tertius

Lateral Compartment Muscles

Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis

Posterior Compartment Muscles

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus