CUMULATIVE GROSS ANATOMY

What type of muscle causes vasoconstriction?

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Origin vs insertion of a muscle

ORIGIN = STATIONARY; INSERTION = MOVABLE

Synergists vs antagonists

SYNERGISTS ASSIST; ANTAGONISTS OPPOSE

What is a pennate muscle?

FEATHER-SHAPED MUSCLE

Muscle that raises eyebrows

FRONTALIS

Muscle that raises the eyelid

LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS

When are abdominal muscles contracted with vertebral column fixed?

FORCED EXPIRATION

Abdominal muscle with origin on pelvis and pubic symphysis

RECTUS ABDOMINIS

Rotator cuff muscles and function

SITS; STABILIZE SHOULDER

What does extensor indicis do?

EXTENDS INDEX FINGER

Muscle group of biceps femoris

HAMSTRINGS

Muscles of quadriceps femoris

RECTUS FEMORIS, VASTUS LATERALIS, VASTUS MEDIALIS, VASTUS INTERMEDIUS

Calf bulge muscles

GASTROCNEMIUS & SOLEUS

Brainstem lesion causing rapid HR & vasoconstriction

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Brain structure connecting medulla to midbrain

PONS

Tremors reaching for objects indicate damage to

CEREBELLUM

Damage to which part disrupts sensory projection?

THALAMUS

Damage causing water-intake regulation issues

HYPOTHALAMUS

Brainstem order

MEDULLA → PONS → MIDBRAIN

Central sulcus separates

FRONTAL & PARIETAL LOBES

Lateral fissure separates

FRONTAL & TEMPORAL LOBES

What connects cerebral hemispheres?

CORPUS CALLOSUM

Where is CSF found?

VENTRICLES + SUBARACHNOID SPACE

Where is CSF formed?

CHOROID PLEXUS

Untreated hydrocephalus in 16-year-old results

BRAIN DAMAGE / DEATH

Cerebral aqueduct connects

3RD & 4TH VENTRICLE

Blood vessels supplying brain

CAROTIDS & VERTEBRALS

Cranial nerve types (sensory, motor, mixed)

SENSORY: I, II, VIII; MOTOR: III, IV, VI, XI, XII; MIXED: V, VII, IX, X

Damage causing inability to look superior/inferior

CN III

Numbness after dental chewing difficulty

CN V

Hit on left skull, can't close eye, drooping mouth

CN VII

Gunshot sound damage likely to

CN VIII

Cranial nerves of taste

VII, IX, X

Cranial nerve extending to thoracic & abdominal viscera

CN X (VAGUS)

Sweet taste from frosting determined by

FACIAL NERVE (VII)

Sternocleidomastoid dysfunction caused by damage to

CN XI

Artery in brain circulation pathway

COMMON CAROTID

Artery supplying stomach & liver

CELIAC TRUNK

Artery to small intestine & ascending + part transverse colon

SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY

Abdominal aorta branches into at L5

COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES

Internal iliac artery supplies

PELVIC ORGANS

Artery that becomes dorsalis pedis

ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY

Obstruction of inferior vena cava hampers return from

LOWER BODY

Common blood draw site

MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN

Longest vein in body

GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN

Function of pulmonary artery

CARRY BLOOD TO LUNGS

Aorta branch to left forearm

LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

Vein draining leg before IVC

FEMORAL VEIN

First tissues to cut when dissecting eye

CONJUNCTIVA / FAT TISSUE

Palpebrae

EYELIDS

Purpose of blink reflex

PROTECTS EYE

Why nose runs when crying

TEARS DRAIN INTO NOSE

Why cornea easy to transplant

AVASCULAR

Ear region with hearing and balance organs

INNER EAR

Ossicles transmitting vibration

MALLEUS → INCUS → STAPES

Paired cranial bones

PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, MAXILLA, ZYGOMATIC, NASAL, LACRIMAL

Sagittal suture between

PARIETAL BONES

Lambdoidal suture between

PARIETAL & OCCIPITAL

CSF from ear indicates fracture of

TEMPORAL BONE

Stenosis of foramen magnum affects

BRAIN STEM COMPRESSION

Posterior orbit tumor impact

VISION LOSS

Palatine process failing to fuse

CLEFT PALATE

Canal conveying sound to eardrum

EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

Bone fractured in strangulation

HYOID BONE

Region of vertebral column in neck

CERVICAL

Fractured dens affects

AXIS

Vertebrae with articular facets on transverse processes

THORACIC VERTEBRAE

First cervical vertebra

ATLAS

Most anterior part of vertebra

VERTEBRAL BODY

Failure of vertebral laminae to fuse

SPINA BIFIDA

Abnormal lateral spine curvature

SCOLIOSIS

Parts of sternum

MANUBRIUM, BODY, XIPHOID

Loose attachment of upper limb facilitates

MOBILITY

3D dynamic image of blood vessels

ANGIOGRAPHY

Imaging based on proton movement

MRI

Study of external form and relation to deep structures

SURFACE ANATOMY

Visual inspection of organs

GROSS ANATOMY

Antecubital region

FRONT OF ELBOW

Sagittal plane separates

LEFT & RIGHT

Serous membrane covering lungs

VISCERAL PLEURA

Visceral vs parietal peritoneum

PERITONEUM LAYERS

Membrane lining joint cavities

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

Cyanosis

BLUE SKIN

Diaphysis

SHAFT OF BONE

Most common skin cancer

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Osteoporosis

BONE LOSS

Bone forming eyebrow ridges

FRONTAL BONE

Kyphosis

HUNCHBACK

Function of vertebral column

PROTECT & SUPPORT

Vertebrae with transverse foramina

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

Loss of height in old age

LOSS OF DISC HEIGHT

Where spinal nerves exit

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA

Posterior inferior vertebral projection

SPINOUS PROCESS

Largest & most superior coxal bone

ILIUM

Bone forming lateral malleolus

FIBULA

Location of sacroiliac joint

SACROILIAC JOINT

Fontanelles

SOFT SPOTS

Location of articular cartilage

JOINT SURFACES

Circumduction

CIRCULAR MOVEMENT

Most commonly dislocated joint

SHOULDER