4. Alt to Exp: Surveys and Interviews

Survey Research

A useful way of obtaining data about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences, and experiences that are hard to observe directly. Data may obtained using questionnaires and interviews

Content Analysis

A system for quantifying responses to open ended questions by categorizing them according to objective rules or guidelines.

Nominal Scale

Consists of set of categories that have different names

Nominal Scale

No magnitude, no equal intervals, and no absolute zero

Ordinal Scale

Consists of a set of categories that are organized in ordered sequence

Ordinal Scale

Has magnitude, no equal intervals, and no absolute zero

Interval Scale

Consists of ordered categories that all intervals of exactly the same size

Interval Scale

Has magnitude, has equal interval, no absolute zero

Ratio Scale

Is an interval scale with an additional feature that a score of zero indicates none of the variables being measured

Ratio Scale

Has magnitude, has equal-intervals, has absolute zero

Self administered Questionnaires

A questionnaire that has been designed specifically to be completed by a respondent without intervention of the researcher (e.g.an interviewer) collecting the data

Mail Surveys

It involves the research team mailing a questionnaire to a potential respondent who then fills it out and returns the survey by mail

Computer or Internet Surveys

Surveys that sample respondents via the internet, gather data from respondents via internet, or both

Telephone Surveys

Surveys for which data collection is conducted via a telephone interview and the most widely used method for conducting survey

Male

Who is more effective in telephone interviews? Male or Female

Interviews

Directed conversation in which a researcher, clinician, therapist, or researcher intends to elicit specific information from an individual the interviewee for the purpose of research, diagnosis, treatment or employment.

Panel Interview

When multiple interviewers question a single candidate

Group interview

When one interviewer questions multiple candidates.

Female

Who is more effective in interviews? Male or Female

Matching and mirroring

the subtle technique of aligning your body language, tone of voice, and overall demeanor to match that of your interviewer, creating a sense of connection and rapport to build trust and appear more relatable during the conversation

Mirroring

refers to more precisely copying specific non-verbal cues like body language or facial expressions

Matching

involves adapting your overall communication style to align with the interviewer's energy level, tone, and pace, without necessarily directly mimicking every detail

Focus Group Discussion

A group of people who have been brought together to discuss a particular subject in order to solve a problem or suggestion ideas.

Homogenous group

an aggregate of individuals or other elements that are similar to one another in a number of significant respects.

Population

A set of all individuals of interest in a particular study

Parameter

A value that describes the population

Sampling frame

Specific list of the members of the population in order to select a subset of that population.

Sample

A set of individuals drawn from the sampling frame usually intended to represent the population in research study

Statistic

a value that describes a sample

Probability Sampling

uses randomization to make sure that every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample.

Non Probability Sampling

A sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected

1. Simple random sampling

2. Stratified random sampling

3. Cluster sampling

4. Systematic random sampling

Kinds of probability sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Participants has an equal chance of getting selected to be the part of sample.

Stratified random Sampling

Divides the elements of the population into small subgroups based on the similarity in such a way that the elements within the group are homogenous and heterogenous among the other subgroups formed.

Cluster Sampling

Entire population is divided into cluster or sections and then then the clusters are randomly selected all the elements of the cluster are used for sampling.

Systematic Random Sampling

A probability sampling method where the elements are chosen from a target population by selecting a random starting point and selecting other members after a fixed sampling interval

1. Convenience sampling

2. Purposive sampling

3. Quota sampling

4. Referral/Snowball sampling

Kinds of non-probability sampling

Convenience Sampling

The sample are selected based on the availability

Purposive sampling

sampling technique that is based on the intention or the purpose of the study.

Quota Sampling

Sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population which respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.

Referral/Snowball Sampling

The technique is used in the situation where the population is completely unknown and rare

Representativeness

Pertains to how closely the sample responses we observe and measure reflect those we would obtain if we could sample the entire population