Flowering Plant Anatomy

Pin flower

Flower whose stigma sits higher than the anthers

Thrum flower

Flower whose anthers sits higher than a stigma

Simple fruit

Fruit that develops from one ovary (carpel) of one flower

Aggregate fruit

Fruit that develops from multiple ovaries (carpels) of one flower

Multiple fruits

Fruit that develops from multiple ovaries (carpels) of multiple flowers

Inflorescence

A cluster of flowers attached to the same structure and always results in multiple fruit

Roots

Primarily used for anchorage and for nutrient and water absorption

Taproot system

Root system with lateral and terminal roots (present in dicot flowering plants)

Fibrous root systems

Root systems consisting of branching roots (present in monocot flowering plants)

Trichomes

Root hairs that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption

Stem

Generally for support of the plant

Nodes

points on a stem where leaves arise

Internodes

possess no leaves and are between nodes

terminal buds

buds for longitudinal (vertical) growth

axillary buds

buds for growth of lateral branches or shoots and allow for lateral (Horizontal) growth

reproductive shoots

shoots that allow for the development of flowers

vegetative shoots

shoots that allow for the development of leaves

leaves

primary photosynthetic organs of the plant; contain many cells with chloroplast (mesophyll cells) that perform photosynthesis

What do leaves consist of?

consist of a blade attached to a plant by a petiole

cuticle

outer waxy covering over the top and bottom of a leaf

stomata

pores on the bottom surface of a leaf that allow for gas exchange. Carbon dioxide enters through this while oxygen exits out

guard cells

cells that surround the stomata and regulate the diameter of stomata thereby regulating the gas exchange. They close the stomata on hot, dry days.

mesophyll cells

the photosynthetic cells of a leaf that contain chloroplasts

palisade mesophyll

the top half of the mesophyll cells that are compacted together, where the bulk of photosynthesis occurs

Spongy mesophyll

the bottom half of the mesophyll cells that is less compacted

vein

contains the vascular tissues: xylem and phloem

What are the three major tissue systems in plants?

Dermal, ground, vascular

What comprises up the dermal tissue system?

Epidermis, guard cells, trichomes (root hairs)

Epidermis

a single cell layer covering all over plant organs

guard cells (dermal)

specialized epidermal cells surrounding stomata. they regulate the diameter of the stomata and thereby regulate the gas exchange

Trichomes (root hairs)

epidermal cell extensions from root cells that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption

Ground tissue

most abundant tissue in the body of a plant, can be for support, structure, strength, photosynthesis, and growth

What are the three different cell types for ground tissue?

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Parenchyma

cells with thin cell walls; for photosynthesis, storage of starch and growth

Collenchyma

cells with thick cell walls; for support, structure and strength (found in center of roots, stem, and leaves)

Sclerenchyma

dead cells with lignified cell walls; this thickens the wall more than what is traditional for a live cell (found in the pith of monocot roots, in the seed coats of seeds and in the pericarp of fruits)

What are the two vascular tissues in vascular plants?

Xylem and phloem

Xylem

for transport of water, composed of vessel elements

Phloem

for transport of organic solutes (sugars); composed of sieve tubes

vessel elements

short, wide cylindrical cells covered with thick cell wells (except at the ends)

sieve tubes

long, narrow cylindrical cells with perforated sieve plates at ends