ch.11/ ch.15

John Thompson

father of coevolution

abiotic

adaptation amongst non-living things

biotic

living things

coevolution

genetic adaptation of a species in response to the natural selection imposed by another interacting

factors of coevolution

mutations; selection

intensity

strength of fitness effects of interactions

frequency

temporal and spatial patterns of interactions

required for coevolution to work

- traits must be heritable

- reciprocal selection must act on the trait

reciprocal selection

selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another

geographic mosaic theory

A coevolutionary theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution.

coevolutionary hotspots

The intensity of reciprocal selection differs among environments. Interactions are subject to reciprocal selection only within some local communities

trait remixing

The overall genetic structure of coevolving species continually changes through new mutations, genomic alterations, gene flow among populations, differential random genetic drift among populations, and extinction of local populations that differ in the combinations of coevolving traits they harbor.

coevolutionary arms race

a repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation

Cycle of escalation

continuous adaptations between the prey and predator

specific coevolution

two species evolve in response to each other

diffuse coevolution

A coevolutionary relationship that involves more than two species that affect one another

escape and radiate coevolution

a species evolves a defense against enemies, and is then able to diversify

Narrow sense coevolution

both partners evolve in response to each other

indirect competition

Species compete even if they never come into direct contact with each other.

direct competition

species interact with each other and directly influence available resources

infraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species; leads to character displacement

interference competition

individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation

Exploitative Competition (Resource Competition)

competition in which individuals consume and drive down the abundance of a resource to a point that other individuals cannot persist

Brown and Davidson 1977 studied:

competition between rats and ants

behavioral predation

hiding, fleeing, forming herds, self-defense, alarm calls, chemical sprays

morphological predation

camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry

chemical predation

alkaloids (plants), sprays (skunks, bombarder beetle)

cryptic coloration

Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot.

aposematic coloration

warning coloration

Batesian mimicry

a harmless species mimics a harmful one

Mullerian mimicry

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

facilitation

An interaction in which one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without the intimate association of a symbiosis

asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself; 100% fitness

Muller ratchet

process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

when did meiosis begin

1.2 billion years ago

twofold cost of sex

In sexual lineages, half of the offspring are males who cannot themselves produce offspring.

syngamy

The fusion of two gametes in fertilization.

Fisher-Muller Hypothesis

sexual reproduction can combine the beneficial mutations from different individuals, accelerating adaptive evolution

isogamy

fusion of gametes equal in size; males and females are indistinguishable

anisogamy

fusion of gametes different in size; males produce smaller gametes and females produce larger gametes

oogamy

fusion of large immotile female gametes with small motile male gametes

parthenogenesis

type of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg

Hermaphroditism

having both female and male reproductive organs; clownfish

survival selection

you must eat and not be eaten; survive in the environment

sexual selection

Natural selection for mating success.

intersexual selection

individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex

intrasexual selection

competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex

sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

harem polyandry

males maintain territories and perform all parental care. it's favored when there are way more females than males, males are a limiting resource. low offspring survival --> male parental care

R.A Fisher- runaway selection

selection is driven by the females and their favorable desires

Zahavi's handicap hypothesis

individuals with well developed sexually selected characteristics have survived a test

Batemans principle

the idea that males experience greater variance in reproductive success than females

monogamous

One male mating with one female.

polygamous

An individual of one sex mating with several of the other.

Polygyny

One male, several females.

Polyandry

One female, several males.

Lekking polygyny

males aggregate in particular areas called leks, display for females

sneakers (evolution)

disguised as female to avoid competition to mate

examples of female species competing for males:

Jacana, spotted hyena, and antelopes.