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sinoatrial (SA) node
to start each heartbeat and set the rhythm for the heart
atrioventricular (AV) node
to delay and move electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular (AV) bundle
The AV bundle conducts the impulse from the AV node to the ventricles and is located in the interventricular septum.
Purkinje fibers
to move electrical signals from the base of the ventricles toward the top of the heart
AV valves
AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. They are open during heart relaxation (diastole) and closed during ventricular contraction (systole).
semilunar valves
Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after contraction. They are closed during diastole and open during ventricular contraction (systole).
cerebral cortex
control voluntary skeletal muscle, intellectual and emotional processing
thalamus
relays impulses to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
regulation of autonomic nervous functions, regulates temp, water balance, food
limbic system
mediates emotional response
medulla oblongata
relays sensory input, controls HR, respiratory rate
cerebellum
smooths skeletal muscle movements, regulates balance and posture
calcium
activates binding sites on actin filament
myosin
protein with head that attaches to actin and performs power stroke (thick filament)
actin
protein that myosin head pulls in power stroke, causing muscle to shorten (thin filament)
sarcomere
basic unit of muscle contraction, shortens as actin filaments are pulled toward center
pulmonary v. systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs for oxygenationÂ
Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the body.Â
The right side of the heart drives pulmonary circulationÂ
The left side drives systemic circulation.