US History Chapter 8

Notes 8.1 - 8.3

Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Rothschild

Major wealthy figures during the Industrial Revolution

Progressives

Believed industry and urbanization caused social problems, wanted government reform

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing scandal, corruption, and social problems

Jacob Riis

Wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890 about poverty and crime in NYC

Direct Primary

All party members vote for candidate to run in general election

Initiative

Citizens can propose legislation for a vote

Referendum

Citizens can vote on proposed laws without legislature

Recall

Voters can demand special election to remove officials

17th Amendment

Allowed direct election of senators (1913)

Suffrage

Right to vote, especially important in women’s movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Early leader of women’s suffrage movement (1848)

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)

Alice Paul

Organized 1913 suffrage march, later founded National Woman’s Party

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote (1920)

Child labor laws

Set minimum working age and maximum hours for children

Worker’s compensation

Payments to injured workers, regulated by government

Zoning laws

Regulated land use in cities

Prohibition

Movement to ban alcohol production, sale, and consumption

Socialism

Belief that government should own and operate industry (Eugene V. Debs)

Theodore Roosevelt

Became youngest president after McKinley’s assassination (1901)

Square Deal

Roosevelt’s program to ensure fairness for all

Arbitration

Settlement negotiated by outside party (used in 1902 Coal Strike)

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair’s book exposing unsafe meatpacking (1906)

Meat Inspection Act

Required federal inspection of meat sold (1906)

Pure Food and Drug Act

Prohibited sale of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs (1906)

Conservation

Roosevelt funded parks, preserves, irrigation, and forests with Gifford Pinchot

William Howard Taft

President after Roosevelt, pushed tariff reforms, broke up trusts

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Cut tariffs very little, raised them on some goods, split Progressives

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Conflict over land development vs. conservation, hurt Taft’s reputation

Children’s Bureau

Investigated child labor issues under Taft

Election of 1912

Wilson won because Roosevelt and Taft split Republican vote

Woodrow Wilson

President after 1912 election, pushed tariff and trust reforms

16th Amendment

Allowed federal income tax (1913)

Federal Trade Commission

Created to monitor American business

Clayton Antitrust Act

Outlawed unfair business practices, protected labor unions

NAACP

Organization founded to protect African-Americans voting rights (W.E.B. Du Bois, Jane Addams)

Jane Addams

Founded Hull House to help poor immigrants in Chicago

Leo Frank

Jewish man falsely accused of murder, lynched in 1915, exposing religious prejudice

Arbitration

Used by Roosevelt in the 1902 Coal Strike to settle disputes between miners and owners

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Tariff law under Taft that split Progressives

Insubordination

Disobedience to authority (reason Taft fired Pinchot)

Roosevelt’s Legacy

Increased power of the executive branch, government expected to solve problems

Social Darwinism

Roosevelt’s belief in survival of the fittest with equal opportunity

Wilson’s tariff reform

Lower tariffs to encourage competition and lower prices

Progressive Legacy

Government became more active in economic/social life, but ignored race/religion issues