ID History #2

Catalan Art Noveau; Jugendstil, Secessionstil, Wiener Werkstatte, Early Modernism; Art Deco; Organic Architecture: Wright

Jusgendstil

• Austrian Art Noveau

  • Otto Wagner

• Jusgendstil = German for “youth style” = Art Noveau in German, speaking countries

• Applied ornamnet

  • added to surface of building

Otto Wanger

• Architect working in both Jusgenstil and Later Wiener Werkstatte style

• Lecturer in Architecture

• published Modern Architecture in 1896

  • ideas about the role of developing “modernist styles”

• Interested in urban planning

  • 1890 designed a city plan for Vienna

  • urban rail network, the Stadtbahn

Modern Architecture (Author)

Otto Wager

Modern Architecture (details)

• “New human tasks and views called for a change or reconstitution for a change or reconstitution of existing forms”

• “new materials” like glass and aluminum

  • Buildings that re reflected intended function and were nature idealized

Karlsplatz Station, Vienna, 1898 (Creator)

Otto Wagner K

Karlsplatz Station, Vienna, 1898 (Details)

• Center point of transportation system in Vienna

• Sunflower as organic pattern

  • nature idealized

  • stenciling on marble slabs

  • Bronze and iron 3D patterns in rails applied along the roof line

• Geometrical structure

  • symmetric

Applied Ornament

• Adding the ornament to the surface of the building

Majolica Hosue, Vienna, 1899 (Creator)

Otto Wagner

Majolica House, Vienna, 1899 (Details)

• Majolica

  • clay tiles that are painted with a tin based glaze that emerges as white when fired

• Tile work

  • decorated with applied ornament

  • symmetric

Vienna Secession

• 1897, a group a designers broke away from the Jugendstil design language a formed a new one called Secessionstil (Secession Style)

  • Otto Wagner included

• Ver Sacrum (Sacred Spring)

  • Journal to discuss ideas

• The Secession Building

  • Manifesto for the new style

  • display space for the new style of art and design

  • site for performances of music and poetry

    • combining all arts together

Secession Building (Creator)

Joesf-Maria Olbrich

Secession Building (Details)

• “Designed to be a manifesto and an exhibition hall”

• Geometrical structure

  • axial

  • symmetric

  • applied ornament

    • open dome made of 3000+ gold platted leaves

      • not actually attached to building

• Poetry group

  • “To every age its art and to art, its freedom”

• 3 masks represent the architectural, sculptural, and pictorial arts

• Owls for the industrial arts

Wiener Werkstatte (Viennese Workshops)

• 1903, same group the Secession Group made a new group

  • Metalwork, leatherwork, bookbinding, woodworking, and painting

Joseff Hoffmann

• Major theorist for the Wiener Werkstatte

  • avoid natural/organic patterns

• called for geometric ornament

  • focus on rythms

    • repititions

    • part-to-whole comparisions

Beethoven Painting (Creator)

Gustav Klint

Beethoven Painting (Details)

• Frieze: continuous painting

• 112 feet long

  • directly on wall

• Ode to Joy

Postal Savings Bank, Vienna, 1906 (Creator)

Otto Wagner

Postal Savings Bank, Vienna, 1906 (Details)

• Marble blocks with iron bolts capped with aluminum

• geometrical ornament

  • repetition of squares

  • part-to-whole

    • squares get larger and larger

• Minimalistic

  • focus on geometry

  • simple shapes

  • reduction of materials

    • glass in both skylight and floor tiles

    • aluminum interior and exterior to balance

      • part to whole

• furniture

  • Gesamtkunstwerk

    • “total work of art”

    • designing everything

    • manufactured by Thonet brothers

Palais Stoclet, Brussels, 1905 (Creator)

Hoffman

Palais Stoclet, Brussels, 1905 (Details)

• Stitching ornament

  • ornament only on edges

  • emphasis geometry

• Gesamtkunstwerk

“Tree of Life” (Creator)

Klimt

“Tree of Life” (Details)

• Inside Palais Stoclet

• Rythms for geometrical ornament

  • repititions of shapes

  • part/whole repitition of shapes making larger shapes

Purkersdorf Sanatorium, 1906 (Creator)

Hoffman

Purkersdorf Sanatorium, 1906 (Details)

• for the treatment of TB

• Stitching ornament

• Gesamtkunstwerk

  • lighting, tables, silverware, etc

  • Purkersdorf chair - completly geometric

  • Sitting Machine - could change angle of chair

    • different sized square cutouts

Purkersdorf chair (creator)

Koloman Moser

Purkersdorf chair (details)

• checkerboard repetition

• square design

Desk for Palais Stoclet (creator)

Koloman Moser

Desk for Palais Stoclet (details)

• part whole

  • pieces come out

• stitching ornament

Ladies Writing Desk (creator)

Koloman Moser

Josef Hoffman Table top designs

• Perforated aluminum

  • repitions & part/whole

Josef Hoffman Table textile

• geometric ornament

Josef Urban Clock

• part/whole

• circle

• repitition

Steiner House (Creator)

Adolf Loos

Steiner House (details)

• geometrical structure

  • symmetric

• solid space & void space

• “windows with no eyebrows”

• Ornament is Crime

  • it is a lower form of design

Early modernism

• absence of ornament

• focus on new, modern style

Art Deco

• International Expedition of Decorative Arts

International Expedition of Decorative Arts

• Paris 1925

• 57 acres

• 21 countries

  • America did not join

  • Germany excluded

• Emphasis on economic recovery after WWI

Expo Poster

• Emphasis on economic recovery after WWI

• Symbolism

  • Dancer = youthful, energetic, freedom

  • fruit/flowers = posterity

  • leaping gazelle = forward movement; future

Expo Entrance

• Geometric structure

• Applied Ornament

  • forward movement into the future

  • farmer?

• Symmetry

  • parallel patterns

    • repeating curves

      • multiplying = weath/abundance

Crystal Fountain (Creatos)

Rene Lalique

Crystal Fountain (details)

• Jewel-like

• plenitude of water jets

  • we have a lot

Pavilion of the Collector, 1925

• Like going to someone’s home who is wealth; shoe that wealth is coming

  • Applied ornament

    • dancing figures = happy

    • nature = prosperity

Salon of the Art Collector

• All of the art collected

• Travel, leisure, wealth

Pavilion of Galeries Lafayette (department store)

• sunburst over door = energy, prosperity, hope

• Showed multiple rooms of wealthy living

Erte

• Made costumes and sets

  • Starstuck, 1925

    • Stars radiating outward

  • Symphony in Black, 1925

    • 3 parallel furs

      • imply abundance

Corner Cabinet, 1916 (Creator)

Jacques-Emil Ruhlmann

Corner Cabinet, 1916 (Details)

• exotic woods verneer

  • imply abundance/prosperity

  • doesn’t have to use too much wood

    • cheaper

• ivory

  • inlays & handles

  • also used small amounts

• overlapping circles

  • plentitude

Jacques-Emil Ruhlmann Cabinet, 1917

• Ebony wood, ivory

  • prosperity

• Only supported a mirror

  • a rich person would have some ornament do something boring

Parchment

• lamb’s skin

Lacquer

• from laquer tree

• applied on paint

  • made it shiny

Jacques-Emil Ruhlmann, chest, 1920

• exotic veneers and ivory

• decorative language

  • geometrical

  • repetitive squares

  • parallel sequences

    • abundance

Jacques-Emil Ruhlmann, desk, 1919

• Shagreen

  • green color

    • reference to money and/or growing

• Ivory

• Parallel lines

Jacques-Emil Ruhlmann, desk #2, 1920

• Zebrawood

• ivory

• parallel wood grain

Art Deco patterns

• straight lines & curved lines in concentric and parallel sequences

  • = energy, freedom, movement, change

Northern Star (Creator)

Cassandre

Northern Star (details)

• Luxurious travel

• parallel lines

Cocktail tray, 1930s

• Lacquer = jewel like

• concentric circles

  • locomotive

Toaster, 1925 & Coffee service, 1928

• polished like silver

  • actually aluminum

• Parallel lines

Gray, Villa E, 1027, France, 1927

• Looks like an ocean liner

• Furniture that looks like luxurious travel

  • “transat theme”

Table for Villa E

• Smokestack or piston

  • move up or down

• Tubular steel

  • reduce material

Gray, Screen

• folds up

  • like a cabin or train

• adjustable

Talbot apartment with Bidendum chair (creator)

Gray

Talbot apartment with Bidendum chair (details)

• designed for wealth

Bidendum chair, 1933 (Creator)

Gray

Bidendum chair, 1933 (details)

• Michelin man

• tubular steel

  • shiny like cars

Folding Hammock Chair (creator)

Gray

Folding Hammock Chair (deais)

• fold

Art Deco in America

• great depression

• Dust bowl

• Golden Age of hollywood

Crysler Building, 1930 (Creator)

van Allen

Crysler Building, 1930 (Details)

• 1k’

• Employ lots of people

  • 30 tons of steel

  • 400k rivets

  • 5.1k windows

  • 3.8m bricks

• 7 radiating arches

  • climbing into the sky

  • stainless steel cladding

    • shiny

• spire was raised and filmed

• Showroom windows

  • creates since of rising and scale

• 61st floor decorated with eagles

• 31t floor radiator caps

  • more art deco version

• Elevator doors

Chrysler Building Mural (Creator)

Edward Trumbull

Chrysler Building Mural (Details)

• canvas cemented to seiling

• 110’ x 76’

• “mode of transportations

  • running, boats, flying

Radio City Music Hall (Creator)

Donald Deskey

Radio City Music Hall (Details)

• wood veneers

• curves

Miami Hotels

• like ocean liners

Frank Lloyd Wright

• 1000+ projects

• 500+ completed works

• 20 books

• “Organic Architecture”

  • building in harmony with environment and humanity

• Frobel Blocks

Robie House, Wright

• belongs to the ground

• horizontality

  • emphasis on long rectangles

  • flattened roof & overhangs

  • “i see horizontal lines as the true earth line”

• overly long bricks

• Chicago is flat

• cantilever

• strip windows

• matching interior and exterior materials

  • brick

  • wood

• fireplace

  • open

  • connects living and dining room

Robie House Dining Table, Wright

• same materials as house

• Match design to windows

• horizontality

  • cables on the table

Robie House Dining Chairs, Wright

• Match the window design

• Inspiration from Gustav Stickley

  • liked the Arts and Crafts look, but wanted machines to make it better

“The Art and Craft of Machine”, Wright

• Use machines to improve designs

Robie House Cantilever couch, Wright

• Couch with combined end tables

• Cantilever matches exterior and lighting cantilever

Darwin D. Martin House, 1905, Wright

• Roof as flat as possible

  • huge over hangs

• same wood and furniture details

• organic architecture

  • bring the outside world inside

• Prairie style

Darwin D. Martin House barrel armchair, 1905, Wright

• same wood

Darwin D. Martin House cantilever sideboard, 1905, Wright

• matching structure

Darwin D. Martin House tabel, 1905, Wright

• cantilever

• storage integrated

Barnsdall House, 1916, Wright

• Decorated with geometricized Hollyhock flowers

  • stained glass

  • clay sculptures

Barnsdall House Spinal Cord Chair, 1916, Wright

• based off Hollyhock

  • looks like a spinal chord

Brown House, 1923, Wright

• Could use concrete

  • concrete to the concrete jungle

  • textures

    • textile blocks

• Stained glass

• Lots of outdoor areas

  • LA has temperate climate

• Film set

Millard Brown (La Miniatura), 1923, Wright

• Textile blocks

  • more open now

• Open interior to exterior

  • lots of doors, windows, etc

Kaufman House (Falling Water), 1936, Wright

• Built into waterfall

  • No house should ever be on a hill, it should be off it

• Filled stone from the site

• Building flows down the hill like the water

• Cantilevers over terraces

• Stair case into the creek bed

  • inside to outside

• Transparency

  • through the building into the natural world

• Build around some stone spurs that he did not remove

Imperial Hotel, 1915, Wright

• Undamaged in 1923 earthquake

• 1945: WWII damage

• 1967: Foundation had sunk

• Demolished but kept bar

• Peacock chair

• bar

Imperial Hotel Peacock Chair, 1915, Wright

• Refencing folded fans and origami

Imperial Hotel bar, 1915, Wright

• matching

Johnson Wax Admin Building, 1944, Wright

• over 200 differently curved bricks

• Open shape

  • dendriform

    • geometricized tree

    • 30’ tall

      • 9” at bottom

      • 18’ at top

    • floating waterlily pad

    • Pyrex skylights

  • corridors open & suspended

Johnson Wax Research tower, 1944, Wright

• building suspended in glass outside

  • pyrex glass tubes

  • central core w/ spiral staircase

    • staircase too small for saftey

Guggenheim Museum, 1943, Wright

• Concrete

  • urban setting

• Building to show contemporary art

• Open spiral staircase

  • nautilus shell

  • everything attached

• Skylight at top

Catalan Art Nouveau

• “Strategies” for “abstracting Natural Forms”

  1. Geometrical idealization

  2. Idealism

  3. Metamorphosis: Evolution

  4. Symbolic language

Antoni Gaudi

• Catalan architect/designer

• Catalonia

  • region in Spain

  • Catalan people, language

• Worked primarily in Barcelona

La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, begun 1884

• Constructed out of stone, stone masonry

• Gaudi died in 1926 in an accident

  • only 20% of church was completed

• “The Sacred Family”

  • Joseph, Mary, and Jesus

• 18 Towers planned

  • 12 for 12 apostles

  • 4 for the 4 evangelists

  • 1 for Mary

  • 1 for Jesus

  • 4 begun during Gaudi’s lifetime

  • 4 constructed in 2000 project

  • Tallest tower is 500’ tall

    • catenary arch

      • gravity drapes a chain or other object and inverse the line

      • Earth moves to the sky

        • defies gravity

• Art Noveau

  • ornament derived from underwater environments

    • ex: seaweed patterns

  • Symbolism

    • Numbers and proportions

    • Air, terrestrial, sea creatures

    • “Cross”

      • Cross: symbolizes crucifixion

      • Star: signal of location of nativity

    • “Nativity”

      • Underwater aspects

      • Figural sculptures

        • life of Christ and Mary

        • planned to be painted with polychrome

          • wide variety of color

        • Every statute and figure to be painted

        • “Figures of humans would appear as much alive as the figure of plants and animals”

      • Made wire skeletons and used models to make realistic sculptures

    • “Holy Dove”

      • Dove

        • symbolic of holy spirit

        • after the Great Flood, located land for Noah

Guell Park, begun 1900

• Public park, was completely in nature during Gaudi’s life

• Entrance Gate

  • looks like ferns

• Art Noveau

  • references to natural patterns

    • gate, hand rails, etc

  • Abstracting natural forms

    • geometrical idealism

    • “Vitalism”

    • Metamorphosis

      • darwin

    • Symbolic

      • Christian

      • alchemy