Exam one

According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), what is nursing?

Protect, promote, and advance clients’ health, avert illness and injuries, facilitate recovery, minimize suffering, and advocate for the client.

Name three documents that guide nursing practice.

Nurse Practice Act, ANA’s Scope of Nursing Practice, and ANA’s Standards of Nursing Practice

What contributions did Florence Nightingale make to nursing?

Pioneered the correlation between infection and unsanitary conditions and emphasized data collection.

What does ADN stand for?

Associate Degree in Nursing

What does BSN stand for?

Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing

Who are considered 'Novices' in nursing?

Nursing students and new graduates with no previous experience

What are the main purposes of nursing?

Health promotion, illness prevention, illness restoration, and end-of-life care.

What does a care provider do?

Provides knowledgeable, compassionate care

What does a case manager do?

Works with the client, family, and health care team to ensure the client receives needed services

What is the role of the nurse as a researcher?

Provides evidence-based care supported by research

What is the role of the nurse as an educator?

Increases the client’s knowledge to empower self-care

What is the role of the nurse as a leader?

Encourages effective communication and relationship building

What is the role of the nurse as a manager?

Manages staff to ensure quality care delivery

What is the role of the nurse as a change agent?

Recognizes the need and takes steps to make a change.

Name four Nursing competencies.

Change management, communication, collaboration, and advocacy.

Name three professional nursing organizations.

National Student Nurses Association (NSNA), American Nurses Association (ANA), and National League for Nursing (NLN).

What are the Standards of Professional Practice?

Specific to the practice of nursing, establish expectations for professional behavior, and protect the nurse, client, and facility.

What are State Nurse Practice Acts (NPA)?

Current laws and regulations governing nursing practice, identifying conditions for licensure and scope of practice.

Name some areas of professional performance for nurses.

Ethics, cultural competence, communication, collaboration, leadership, education, EBP, quality of practice, resource utilization, and environmental health.

What are the components of Quality and Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN)?

Patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics.

What are some challenges to healthcare?

Reducing health care costs, improving coverage and access, encouraging healthy behaviors, and managing earlier hospital discharges.

Name some national priorities in healthcare.

Patient and family engagement, population health, safety, care coordination, palliative care, and reducing waste.

What is The Joint Commission?

Accredits health-care organizations and publishes the National Patient Safety Goals annually.

What are the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services?

Medicare (for those 65+ or with disabilities) and Medicaid (for low-income individuals).

What are some other forms of healthcare payment?

Self-pay, private insurance, employment-based insurance, and government funding.

What is Fee for Service?

Payments made based on volume of services.

What is Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG)?

Reimbursement determined by the inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS).

What is the purpose of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)?

Protects the privacy and security of health information.

Name some other patient protection acts.

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), etc.

What are health disparities?

Preventable differences in disease, injury, or violence prevalence, often related to poverty, environmental threats, or educational inequalities.

What is health inequity?

Unjust, avoidable distribution of resources that impact health, stemming from issues like racism and sexism.

What is the mission of Healthy People 2030?

To promote, strengthen, and evaluate the nation’s efforts to improve health and well-being.

What are the levels of care?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, restorative, and continuing.

What is primary care?

Focuses on preventative care to improve health outcomes, especially for those with chronic illnesses.

What is secondary and tertiary care?

Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disease, commonly in hospitals and intensive care units.

What is restorative care?

Helps patients regain maximal function and independence after acute care or during chronic illness.

What is home care?

Medically-related services and equipment provided to patients in their homes, focusing on health maintenance and illness prevention.

What is rehabilitation?

Restores patients to their fullest potential through physical, occupational, speech, and social services.

What is extended care?

Provides care for patients until they can return to their community or residential care.

What is continuing care?

Includes nursing facilities, assisted living, respite care, adult day care centers, and hospice for those with disabilities or terminal illnesses.

What services do Nursing Facilities provide?

Provide 24-hour intermediate and custodial care, including nursing, rehabilitation, and social services.

What services does Assisted Living provide?

Provides a home environment with more autonomy, including laundry, meals, housekeeping, and 24-hour oversight.

What services does Respite Care provide?

Short-term relief for caregivers of older adults at home to reduce caregiver burnout.

What services do Adult Day Care Centers provide?

Provides health and social services to specific populations who live alone or with family in the community.

What is the focus of Hospice care?

Focuses on palliative care for the patient and support for the family during a terminal illness and time of death.

Patient-Centered Care

Full transparency and fast delivery of information, mission & values aligned with patient goals, care is collaborative, coordinated, accessible, family welcome in care setting, patient & family always included in decisions, patient & family viewpoints respected & valued, physical comfort & emotional well-being are top priorities.

Caring

Encompasses listening, touch, being present, providing comfort, and showing compassion while considering client preferences and considerations.

Holistic Healing

A perspective where the nurse and client have a human-to-human connection promoting harmony among mind, body, and spirit.

Watson's Theory of Human Caring

Incorporates a holistic healing perspective through a human-to-human connection via transpersonal caring. Nurses should assist clients in achieving optimal harmony among mind, body, and spirit, and must first care for themselves. Key elements include a trusting relationship and following Caritas Processes.

Swanson's Theory of Caring

Assists nurses in promoting client's empowerment, respect, and dignity. Caring is a process that improves client's well-being by maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling.

Maintaining Belief

Providing needed information to the client without judgment regarding personal preferences and understanding the client’s situation.

Knowing

Opens the door to further positive conversations.

Being With

Being physically and emotionally available.

Doing For

Performance of tasks, activities, or attitude and Uses the knowledge a client may not have.

Enabling

Being a guide through situations and events.

Active Listening

Careful and intentional focus on what the patient is saying and their body language.

Cultural Competence

Incorporates awareness, knowledge, and skill to accurately assess cultural needs. Includes encounters to interact appropriately with other cultures, and desire/commitment to connect with a patient's culture.

Telemedicine

Diagnostic testing and monitoring through telecommunication devices.

Telehealth

A broader concept to encompass both clinical and nonclinical remote healthcare services.

Nursing Process

A systematic, five-step approach to patient care: Assessing, Analyzing, Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating.

Assessing

Gathering data to identify a patient's problem.

Analyzing

Formulating a nursing diagnosis based on gathered data.

Planning

Writing a care plan to meet patient goals.

Implementing

Carrying out the care plan interventions.

Evaluating

Collecting objective data to determine if goals were achieved and revising the plan as needed.

Critical Thinking

Analyzing and interpreting data to solve problems and achieve desired outcomes.

Clinical Reasoning

Analyzing data to make decisions in clinical situations based on knowledge and critical thinking.

Clinical Judgement

Repetitive clinical reasoning over time, observed as the outcome of critical thinking and decision making.

Assessment (Nursing Process)

Collection of data regarding the patient's health status.

Analysis (Nursing Process)

Analyzing assessment data to identify patient problems or risks.

Planning (Nursing Process)

Developing measurable goals and identifying interventions based on assessment data.

Implementation (Nursing Process)

Performing interventions to assist in the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health.

Evaluation (Nursing Process)

Evaluating the patient's response to interventions in reaching goals.

Recognize Cues

Identifying relevant and important information from various sources such as medical history and vital signs.

Analyze Cues

Organizing and linking recognized cues to the client's clinical presentation.

Prioritize Hypotheses

Evaluating and ranking hypotheses according to priority (urgency, likelihood, risk, etc.).

Generate Solutions

Identifying expected outcomes and using hypotheses to define interventions for those outcomes.

Take Action

Implementing solutions that address the highest priorities.

Evaluate Outcomes

Comparing observed outcomes against expected outcomes to determine the intervention's efficacy.

Goals and Outcomes

They need to be Client-centered, Singular, Observable, Measurable, Time-limited, Mutually agreeable and Reasonable.

Comprehensive Planning

Based on admission data.

Ongoing Planning

Created when new information is obtained or conditions change.

Discharge Planning

Anticipating needs after discharge; should begin at admission.

Short Term Goal

Response within hours or weeks.

Long Term Goal

Response within several days, weeks, or months.

Nurse-initiated intervention

Actions the nurse takes independently within their scope of practice.

Provider-initiated intervention

Requires a prescription or order from a provider.

Collaborative intervention

Requires collaboration with other healthcare professionals.