Bio Sac 13/06/26

Genome

All of the DNA in an organism.

Chromosome

A long, packaged molecule of DNA containing many genes.

Gene

A section of DNA containing instructions for making a product, usually a protein.

Allele

A different version of a gene.

Locus

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Karyotype

An organised picture of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs.

Transcription

The process where a gene's DNA is copied into mRNA.

Translation

The process where a ribosome reads mRNA to join amino acids and make a protein.

Codon

A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for an amino acid or stop signal.

Amino acid

A building block of proteins.

Protein

A chain of amino acids folded into a specific shape to perform a function.

Size/organisation

Genome → Chromosomes → Genes → Alleles

Protein production:

DNA → Transcription → mRNA → Translation → Protein

Mitosis

Cell division that produces 2 genetically identical diploid cells.

Meiosis

Cell division that produces 4 genetically different haploid cells (gametes).

Stages of Meiosis

• Meiosis I: Prophase I → Metaphase I → Anaphase I → Telophase I

• Meiosis II: Prophase II → Metaphase II → Anaphase II → Telophase II

Interphase 1x, Cytokinesis 2x.