PBSI 414 Exam 3

Extinction =

Involves eliminating the reinforcer after each instance of the problem behavior

Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement =

When a behavior is positively reinforced, extinction means the person no longer gets the positive reinforcer following the behavior

Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement =

When a behavior is negatively reinforced, extinction means the person no longer escapes from the aversive stimulus following the behavior, called escape extinction

What are the five steps to use extinction procedures properly?

Identify the particular reinforcer for the problem behavior in question, determine that the change agents control the reinforcer, determine that it is safe to use extinction, determine that an extinction burst can be tolerated, and determine that the change agents can implement the extinction procedure consistently

Functional Treatment =

Based on functional assessment information (alter antecedents and/or consequences identified in the functional assessment)

Nonaversive Treatments =

Do not involve punishment procedures (extinction, differential reinforcement, antecedent manipulations)

What treatments are the first choice for decreasing problem behaviors?

Functional and Nonaversive Treatments

Functional Assessment =

Gathering data to identify hypotheses about the antecedents & consequences of the problem behavior & decide on intervention

Functional Analysis =

Gathering data during and after intervention (manipulate antecedents, Motivating Operations, and consequences), and replicating behavior change

Extinction =

Procedure in which the reinforcer maintaining a problem behavior is eliminated; as a result the problem behavior decreases

What are the six steps for using extinction?

Implement Data Collection, conduct a functional assessment, eliminate the reinforcer for the problem behavior, consider the reinforcement prior to extinction, use differential reinforcement, take steps to promote generalization and maintenance

Social Positive Reinforcement =

Extinction of behavior maintained by attention, praise, reactions, activities, and things

Social Negative Reinforcement =

Extinction of behavior maintained by escape from tasks, activities, and interactions

Automatic Positive Reinforcement =

Extinction of behavior maintained by sensory stimulation

Automatic Negative Reinforcement =

Extinction of behavior maintained by relief from pain, anxiety, or other aversive stimulation

What are the three questions you should answer to determine whether DRA is appropriate?

Do you want to increase the rate of a desirable behavior?, Is the behavior already occurring at least occasionally?, Do you have access to a reinforcer that you can deliver after the occurrence of the behavior?

Differential Reinforcement =

Procedure in which a reinforcer is delivered for the desired behavior and the previously reinforced problem behavior is placed on extinction

DRA =

Differential Reinforcement of ALTERNATIVE Behavior

DRO =

Differential Reinforcement of OTHER behavior

DRL =

Differential Reinforcement of LOW RATES of responding

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors =

Reinforcer is delivered for desirable behavior, the desirable behavior must be functional, extinction for the problem behavior

When to use DRA =

You want to increase a desirable behavior and/or decrease undesirable behavior, the behavior already occurs at least occasionally or you can prompt it to occur, you have a reinforcer you can use

Steps to use DRA =

Define the target behavior to increase and the undesirable competing behaviors to decrease, collect baseline data, identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior, choose a reinforcer for the desirable behavior, reinforce desirable behavior immediately and consistently, eliminate the reinforcer the the undesirable behavior, continue to collect data to evaluate treatment, use intermittent reinforcement for maintenance, program for generalization

What are some considerations in using DRA?

Consider manipulating EOs to make the reinforcer more potent, consider the use of rules or instructions, fade artificial reinforcers to natural reinforcers to help maintain the behavior, consider using the Premack Principle

How do you choose Reinforcers?

Ask, Observe, Preference Assessment, Contingent Reinforcer Assessment

What are the three preference assessments?

Single Stimulus Assessment, Paired Stimulus (“forced choice”) Assessment, Multiple Stimulus Assessment (“without replacement”)

Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior =

Desirable behavior produces escape or avoidance of something aversive, undesirable behavior does not produce escape/avoidance

DRI =

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

DRC =

Differential Reinforcement of Communication (also known as Functional Communication Training)

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior =

A reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the problem behavior in intervals of time, intervals are chosen based on the baseline level of the problem behavior, and extinction is used for the occurrence of the problem behavior

Whole Interval DRO =

The problem must be absent for the whole interval and then the reinforcer is delivered (referred to simply as DRO)

Momentary DRO =

The problem must be absent at the end of the interval and then the reinforcer is delivered

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior =

A reinforcer is delivered contingent on a lower rate of behavior (compared to baseline rate or previously reinforced criterion rate) during a period of time

Full Session DRL =

The reinforcer is delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occurs per time period, the reinforcer is delivered at the end of the session, the timing of responses in the session is not important

Spaced Responding DRL =

The reinforcer is delivered for a response when it is separated from the previous response by a specified interval of time, if a response occurs before the end of the interval, the interval is reset

DRO = At the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the ________.

Absence of the behavior

SR-DRL = At the end of the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the _______.

First Response

DRO & SR-DRL = A response before the end of the end of the interval ______.

Resets the interval

Antecedent Control Procedures =

Involves altering the environment in advance of the target behavior, addresses antecedents rather than consequences of operant behaviors, increases the probability of the desired target behavior

4 Common Applications of “Situational Inducement” =

Rearrange the Surroundings, Change Locations, Relocate People, Change the Time of the Activity

Procedures to Increase the Probability of the Target Behavior =

Present sD or cues for desired behavior, Present EO for desired behavior, decrease response effort for desired behavior

Procedures to Decrease the Probability of the Competing Behavior =

Remove sD or cues for undesired behaviors, eliminate EO (present AO) for undesired behaviors, increase response effort for undesired behavior

Using Antecedent Control Procedures =

Analyze the 3-term contingency for the desired behavior and competing behaviors, identify and define behaviors

Factors that Influence the Use of Antecedent Control Procedures =

Have you identified the relevant antecedents?, Can these antecedents be altered?, How acceptable will it be to alter these antecedents?

Issues with Punishment =

Positive vs. Negative Punishment, Philosophical Opposition to Punishment, Punishment does not directly address controlling variables

Functional Definition of Punishment =

The occurrence of a behavior, results immediately in a consequence, the behavior is weakened (less likely to happen in the future)

Positive Punishment =

Behavior is followed by the presentation of a consequence and the behavior is weakened

Negative Punishment =

Behavior is followed by the removal of a consequence and the behavior is weakened

Functional Definition of Aversive =

Based on the event’s effect on behavior, does not necessarily mean painful or unpleasant, any stimulus presented or removed contingently that results in decreased future probability of that behavior

Time-Out =

Following the problem behavior, the child is removed from the reinforcing environment for a brief period of time, the problem behavior decreases in the future

Time-Out must be _____, _____, and _____.

Brief, Practical, Safe

“Selling” Time-Out =

Provide rationale for time-out, use everyday language, consider parents’ biases or misconceptions, anticipate problems and problem solve

Response Cost =

Following the problem behavior, a specified amount of a reinforcer is removed or lost, the problem behavior decreases in the future

What are the two types of Time-Out?

Exclusionary and Nonexclusionary

What’s the least used behavior modification procedure?

Positive Punishment

Functional Definition of Punishment =

The occurrence of a behavior results immediately in a consequence; the behavior is weakened

Positive Punishment =

Behavior is followed by the presentation of a consequence and the behavior is weakened

Negative Punishment =

Behavior is followed by the removal of a consequence and the behavior is weakened

What are the two types of positive punishment?

Punishment by application of aversive activities and punishment by application of aversive stimulation

Application of Aversive Activities Overcorrection =

The individual has to engage in effortful behavior contingent on the problem behavior, which has two components: restitution and positive practice

Restitution =

Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual is required to fix the environment disrupted by the problem behavior

Positive Practice =

Contingent on the problem behavior the individual has to engage in correct forms of relevant behavior for a period of time

Contingent Exercise =

Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual engages in some effortful behavior for a specified period of time

Guided Compliance =

Contingent on the problem behavior following a request, the individual is physically guided to comply with the request

Premack Principle =

Differential reinforcement of a low probability behavior with the opportunity to engage in a high probability behavior

SIBIS (Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System) =

A device that detects head hits and delivers a shock automatically to decrease this form of self-injurious behavior

Stimulus Generalization =

Target behavior occurs in all relevant circumstances, same behavior occurs in similar situations

Response Generalization =

Change in the target behavior results in changes in other relevant behaviors, similar behaviors occur in the same situation

Maintenance =

Target behavior continues to occur in relevant situation after training ends

Strategies to Promote Generalization =

Reinforce instances of generalization, train skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement, modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment, incorporate a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training, incorporate common stimuli, teach a range of functionally equivalent responses, provide cues in the natural environment, incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization

Categories of Generalization Strategies =

Procedures focused on reinforcement contingencies, procedures focused on stimulus control, procedures focused on functional equivalence

Indicators of Successful Treatment for Problems Behaviors =

Reduction in the problem behavior, increase in desirable alternative behaviors, generalization of the behavior changes to all relevant circumstances, increase in the quantity or quality of positive reinforcement

Guidelines for Achieving Generalized Reductions in Problem Behavior =

Conduct a functional assessment, utilize functional interventions, plan for generalization, focus on developing functionally equivalent alternative behaviors, maintain extinction contingencies across situations