Quiz 2 - chapters 2 (p2) CHEMISTRY HALF

Organic molecules are _ based

Carbon

Organic molecules are produced by _

Living things

Carbon is _

Covalent

Carbon can participate in up to _ covalent bonds

4

______ allow formation of large molecules with other atoms

Organic molecules

Carbon covalent bonds can form what 3 chains/structures?

Straight, branched, ring

A chain of carbons with hydrogens bound is called the _

Carbon skeleton

What does the bonding of carbon and hydrogen with other elements form?

Functional groups

What has most of the chemical and physical properties of a particular organic molecule?

Functional groups

Small organic molecules can be formed into _

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are made by dehydration synthesis of ____ into ______

Monomers, polymers

Bonding occurs by removing ___ from one molecule, ___ from the other, and _ is formed

H+, OH-, water

Linkage of multiple monomers forms _

Polymers

What are the 3 types of water based solutions?

Solution, colloid, suspension

What is a solution?

Uniform mixture

What is a colloid?

contains proteins / large solutes

What is a suspension solution?

has large particles that settle out

Carbohydrates are _ +_

Sugars, starches

Carbohydrates are composed of __ in a __ ratio in monomer form

C:H:O, 1:2:1

Carbohydrates are used for ___, ___, ___

Energy, RNA/DNA, amino acids

A monosaccharide is a ___, ex: _____

Simple sugar, glucose

What is the most important human fuel?

Glucose

An _____ has same formula, shape

isomer

A disaccharide is 2 covalently bonded _______. ex: ______

Monosaccharides, sucrose

A polysaccharide is 3 or more covalently bonded _____. ex: ______

Monosaccharides, glycogen

Lipids are ____, _____, _____

Fats, oils, waxes

Lipids are polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

Simple lipids are composed of _____

CHO

What are the functions of a lipid? (hint there are 3)

Energy storage , make cell membranes, cell communication

Fatty acids are made from a _____ chain with ______ group

Hydrocarbon, carboxyl

A fatty acid chain that has all single covalent bonds on the c's is _

Saturated

A fatty acid chain that has one or more double covalent bonds between Cs is -

Unsaturated

______ are derived from arachidonic acid which is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid

Eicosanoids

What is the function of a eicosanoid?

Cellular communication

What are the 2 types of eicosanoids?

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Leckotrienes are used by cells to _

Signal injury

Prostaglandins are used for cell-to-cell ____ to coordinate events

Signaling

glycerides are ____ and ____

Glycerol, fatty acids

_____ make up fat deposits that are important for Energy storage, insulation, mechanical protection

Triglycerides

Steroids structures involve ____ carbon rings. ex: ___

4, cholesterol

Diglyceride + phosphate group + nonlipid group = _____

Phospholipid

diglyceride + carbohydrate = ______

glycolipid

Hydrophilic head _____ with water

mixes

Hydrophobic tail _ water

Avoids

Hydrophilic =

Polar

Hydrophobic =

Nonpolar

A _____ is a sphere formed with hydrophilic heads oriented out and hydrophobic tails pointed in

micelle

What is the most abundant organic molecule in cells?

Proteins

What elements are proteins composed of?

CHON

proteins are essential for cell ____ and _____

structure, function

what are proteins that support called?

structural proteins

proteins are formed from ____

amino acids

amino acids are the building blocks of ______

monomers

what are proteins that enable movement in muscle called?

contractile proteins

where are the transport proteins located?

in blood

_______ regulate pH of body fluids

buffer proteins

what are the proteins that coordinate and control called?

hormones

_______ help with keratin in skin, antibodies, clotting

defense proteins

_______ enable metabolic activity and regulation

enzymes

______ are formed from long strings of peptide bonded amino acids

proteins

a chain of peptide bonded amino acids = ____

polypeptide

_____ fold into proteins

polypeptides

what are the 2 characteristics of a proteins primary structure ?

linear, unique sequence

what are the 3 characteristics of a proteins secondary structure ?

twisting / folding, can create alpha helix or beta sheet, H bonds

what are the 2 characteristics of a proteins tertiary structure ?

global folding, interactions in R groups

if a protein consists of one single polypeptide it will be complete at which stage

tertiary

what are the characteristics of a proteins quaternary structure ?

fusion of multiple polypeptides

_______ results in the native conformation which is a functional protein

proper folding and fusion

what are the 2 possible shapes of a completed protein?

globular, fibrous

what are the 3 characteristics of a globular protein?

compact, round, soluble

what are the 2 characteristics of a fibrous protein?

strands, non-soluble

what is protein denaturing?

loss of shape and function

what are the most abundant proteins in the body?

enzymes

enzymes act as a biological ____ used for metabolism

catalyst

enzymes speed up reactions by _____

lowering activation energy

what is enzyme specificity?

substrate must fit specific enzymes active site

adding more substrate will ____ reaction rate until saturation

increase

at saturation the active site is always ___ and reactions cannot progress

full

what can turn an enzyme on or off?

cofactor

cofactors provide short term control over _____

reaction rates

what is a cofactor?

activates enzyme

a coenzyme is a non-protein organic molecule that acts as a ____

cofactor

proper active site shape depends on correctly folded ____

protein enzyme

metabolism is _____

essential for life

a ________ protein is a protein bound to other organic molecules

conjugated

what is a glycoprotein?

small carb + large protein

what is a proteoglycan?

large polysaccharide + polypeptide

nucleic acids are composed of what 5 elements?

CHONP

what do nucleic acids do?

store and process info

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid?

DNA, RNA

what does DNA do

store info

what does RNA do

protein synthesis

nucleic acids are composed of _____

nucleotides

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?

purines, pyrimidines

what do purines (single ring) contain?

adenine, guanine

what do pyrimidines (double ring) contain?

cytosine, thymine, uracil

what is the shape of RNA?

single strand, linear

what are the bases of RNA?

AUGC

what does mRNA do?

messenger