PE test

Musculoskeletal System

The body system made of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments that allows movement, support, and protection.

Bone Types

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

Muscle Types

Skeletal muscle (voluntary), smooth muscle (in organs), and cardiac muscle (heart).

Tendon

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Ligament

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Flexion

Bending a joint, which decreases the angle between bones.

Extension

Straightening a joint, which increases the angle between bones.

Abduction

Movement of a limb or body part away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement of a limb or body part toward the midline of the body.

Rotation

Twisting movement around an axis.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb.

Sagittal Plane

An anatomical plane that involves forward and backward movements.

Frontal Plane

An anatomical plane that involves side-to-side movements.

Transverse Plane

An anatomical plane that involves rotational movements.

Endomorph

A somatotype characterized by a rounder body shape and higher fat levels.

Mesomorph

A somatotype characterized by a muscular, athletic build.

Ectomorph

A somatotype characterized by a lean, long-limbed build.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Support, protection of organs, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.

Major Bones

Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, sternum, ribs, pelvis, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Muscular System

Body system that produces movement, maintains posture, and stabilises joints.

Major Muscles

Deltoid, pectorals, biceps, triceps, abdominals, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, and trapezius.

Respiratory System

Body system that brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Pathway of Oxygen

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli → diffusion → heart → muscles.

Mechanics of Breathing

Inhalation (lungs expand) and exhalation (lungs relax).

Functions of the Respiratory System

Deliver oxygen, remove $\text{CO}_2$, produce speech, and enable smell.

Circulatory System

Body system that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste around the body.

Blood Flow Pathway

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.

Functions of the Circulatory System

Transport oxygen and nutrients, remove waste, regulate temperature, fight infection, and clot blood.

Components of Blood

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma.