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Mast cells

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38 Terms

1

Mast cells

secrete histamine as part of the inflammatory response causing blood vessels to dilate

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2

Inflammatory response

redness, swelling, heat, and pain; triggers increased activity of phagocytes in the inflamed area

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3

Natural killer cells

part of innate immunity; release chemicals to inhibit spread of viruses and cancer cells

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4

Complement system

involves antimicrobial proteins that work together in a cascade; a complex forms causing water and ions to rush into bacterial cell which makes it swell and burst

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5

Clonal selection

involves a B or T cell undergoing multiple divisions to produce clones; some become short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies and others become long-lived memory cells

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6

Adaptive immunity

also called acquired immunity; develops after exposure to microbes or toxins and allows for rapid defense against an antigen that has been encountered before

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7

B cells versus T cells

B cells are part of humoral immunity (things outside the cell) and are important for antibody production; T cells are involved cell-mediated immune response and defend against pathogens and cancer inside cells using cytotoxicity

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8

Helper T cells

release cytokines to stimulate differentiation in B cells and T cells

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9

Passive immunity

transfer of antibodies from one organisms to another; can be naturally acquired if antibodies cross the placenta or during breastfeeding or can be artificially acquired through injections of antibodies

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10

MHC

major histocompatibility complex are host proteins that display antigen fragments on the cell surface; presentation of MHC-antigen complex on a cell surface is crucial for the adaptive immune response to be activated

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11

Vaccination

form of artificially acquired active immunity; some vaccines are given yearly because certain viruses undergo rapid mutation which alters surface proteins in infected host cells

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12

Autoimmune disease

self molecules are treated as non-self

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13

Prostaglandins

local hormones comprised of fatty acids

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14

Hormone

chemical message; same hormone can have different effects on target cells because they have different receptors for the hormone or different signal transduction pathways

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15

Steroid hormone

lipid soluble so they easily cross the phospholipid bilayer

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16

Positive feedback

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response; ex: oxytocin during labor and delivery enhances uterine muscle contractions

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17

Pancreas

has exocrine and endocrine functions; exocrine = digestive enzymes; endocrine = insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels

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18

Antagonistic hormones

have opposing effects; ex: insulin lowers blood sugar and glucagon raises it; parathyroid hormone raises plasma levels of calcium and calcitonin decreases it

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19

Hypothalamus

makes the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

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20

Fight or flight

involves a response from the adrenal medulla which leads to secretion of epinephrine (adrenaline)

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21

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin to regulate our sleep wake cycle

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22

Hormone action

hormones will trigger different responses in different organisms because their structures are different among different species

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23

Somatic nervous system

motor neurons can alter the activity of target cells because signals bind to receptor proteins on skeletal muscles

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24

Sodium-potassium pump

causes sodium ions to move out of the cell and potassium ions to move into the cell

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25

Threshold

the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

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26

Action potentials

move down the length of the axon

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27

Acetylcholine

ligand-gated sodium channel; acetylcholine is released into the junction between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel to open it

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28

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

amino acid that operates at most inhibitory synapses in the brain

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29

Myelinated neurons

allows impulse transmission to occur at a faster rate using saltatory conduction; demyelinated fibers have slower impulse transmission; especially abundant in white matter of the brain and white matter of the spinal cord

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30

Antagonistic actions

opposing actions such as what is found in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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31

Corpus callosum

allows communication between the left and right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

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32

Cerebrum

associated with cognitive thought, calculations, and contemplation

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33

Cerebellum

coordination and balance

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34

Medulla oblongata

regulatory centers for the circulatory and respiratory centers

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35

Hypothalamus

regulation of body temperature

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36

Speech

controlled by Wernicke’s and Broca’s regions of the brain

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37

Occipital lobe

responsible for vision

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38

Cerebral cortex

responsible for formation of long-term memories

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