Patho Inflammation and Immune Response

Immunity

protection from illness/disease

Immunity is maintained by

the body's physiologic defense mechanisms

Inflammation

Nonspecific syndrome of normal tissue's responses to cellular injury, allergy, or invasion by pathogens

Inflammation presents on the skin as

red/warm to touch/clear drainage

Autoimmunity

Inability of the body's immune system to have self-tolerance (cells can tell the difference b/t self and non-self)

Antigen

Foreign substance that elicits an immune response

Antibody

Develops in response to a unique antigen

2 parts of the immune system

innate immune system and adaptive immunity

Innate Immune System

Body's first line of general defense- born with this

Skin, cornea, mucous membranes

Body's first line of general defense

Innate Immune System

Adaptive Immunity

Body's second line of defense

Specific response to microbes or chemicals.

Body's second line of defense

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive Immunity uses specific antigens to

make an immune response when exposed to an invader

Ex: B-lymphocytes develop antibodies after exposure to invader

Adaptive Immunity

2 types of immunity

active and passive

active immunity

Body exposed causing an infection- body produces antibodies

natural active immunity

infected with disease, develop illness then recover

artificial active immunity

vaccine induced

passive immunity

Give antibodies to a disease instead of producing them themselves

natural passive immunity

newborn/fetus receives them from Mom

artificial passive immunity

body is injected with antibodies made in another person or animal (immune globulin)

Structures of the immune system

bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Bone marrow

B cells are produced and develop here, then migrate to lymph nodes

Lymph nodes

filter lymphatic fluid (drains from body tissues and returns to the blood as plasma); also remove bacteria and toxins from the circulatory system

Lymph nodes are distributed

along lymphatic vessels

Thymus

Secretes a group of hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells

T cells originate in the

bone marrow and mature in the thymus

Spleen

Largest lymphatic organ (reservoir for blood) Cells called macrophages clear cellular debris and process hemoglobin

Largest lymphatic organ (reservoir for blood)

Spleen

Tonsils consist of

lymphoid tissue and produce lymphocytes

Tonsils function

Guard the body against airborne and ingested pathogens

Fully functioning immunocompetence requires what three responses?

Inflammation, cell-mediated immunity, and antibody-mediated immunity.

5 cardinal manifestations of inflammation

warmth, redness, swelling, pain, decreased function

Immunocompetence

certain cells can distinguish foreign matter from what belongs to the body; inflammatory response and immunity are fully functioning

Immunocompetent cells can distinguish between

foreign matter and what belongs to the body

When foreign substances get past the first responders

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity respond

3 processes needed for human immunity protection

inflammation, cell-mediated immunity, and antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

T cells attack antigens directly

Cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity

T cells

Antigens

foreign substances, such as bacteria or toxins, that induce antibody formation

T cells function

attack foreign cells and regulate cell-mediated immunity

3 types of T cells

killer, helper, and suppressor T cells

Antibody-mediated immunity is also called

humoral immunity

Cells responsible for antibody mediated immunity

B cells

B cells are responsible for

humoral or immunoglobulin-mediated immunity

B cells function

produce antibodies that incapacitate antigens

Antibodies form against

bacteria and viruses

Antibodies prevent bacteria and viruses from

entering host cells

Neutrophils and macrophages

use phagocytosis to destroy and eliminate invaders (antigen)

Cells that use phagocytosis

neutrophils and macrophages

Phagocytosis

destroys and eliminates invaders or antigens

Basophils and eosinophils release

chemicals that act on blood vessels

Chemicals released by basophils and eosinophils cause

tissue-level responses that help neutrophil and macrophage actions

Mature neutrophils

segmented neutrophils (segs)

Less mature neutrophils

band neutrophils (bands)

Bandemia

left shift

Left shift

increased number of band neutrophils

An increased number of bands means

the bone marrow cannot keep up with the demand for mature neutrophils (segs)

During a left shift

segs are no longer the most numerous neutrophils in circulation

Immature band neutrophils

are not capable of phagocytosis

Why does a left shift decrease the ability to fight infection?

immature bands cannot perform phagocytosis

3 ways the immune system can harm us

immune deficiency, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity

Immune deficiency

immune response is absent or depressed

Hypersensitivity

an allergen is the culprit

Autoimmunity

a body divided against itself

HIV attacks

T-helper cells

HIV attacking T-helper cells causes

immune deficiency

Throat closing after receiving IV antibiotics

hypersensitivity reaction

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disorder

Rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology

the immune system inflames and destroys the synovial joints