GENERAL BIOLOGY QUARTER 4

Reproduction

The essential process for the survival and continuation of life.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma in plants.

Fertilization

The process where the male gametes fertilize the female gametes resulting in the formation of seeds.

Stamens

The male reproductive organs in plants that consist of a filament and an anther.

Pistils

The female reproductive organs in plants, consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma.

Gonads

The primary reproductive organs in animals; testes in males and ovaries in females.

Gametes

Specialized reproductive cells produced by animals; sperm in males and eggs in females.

Zygote

The fertilized egg resulting from the fusion of sperm and egg.

Viviparity

Development of the embryo inside the female's body, leading to live birth.

Oviparity

A reproductive strategy where eggs are laid outside the female's body.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Stomata

Small openings on plant leaves that allow for gas exchange.

Xylem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

Phloem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Innate Immunity

The immediate, non-specific defense mechanism in animals against pathogens.

Adaptive Immunity

The immune response that involves the recognition and memory of specific pathogens in animals.

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system of both plants and animals.

Endocrine System

The system in animals that uses hormones to regulate physiological processes.

Metamorphosis

A developmental process in some animals where they undergo a significant physical change in form.

Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food, like plants; also known as primary producers.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that rely on consuming other organisms for food, like animals.

Paracrine Signaling

A form of hormone action where a hormone acts on nearby cells.

Autocrine Signaling

A form of hormone action where a hormone acts on the same cells that produce it.

Cell Wall

A physical barrier in plants that acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that specifically target and neutralize pathogens.

Phagocytosis

The process by which certain immune cells engulf and digest pathogens.

Cytokines

Chemical signals used by animals to communicate between cells in the immune system.