Harrison History Chapter 2

flashcards that review all of chapter 2 history + context from his lectures

When did the Song dynasty rule?

960-1279

What dynasty established the examination system and what did the examination system provide?

Han Dynasty established it and Song Dynasty built upon it. It allowed decent social mobility.

What caused China’s population to double by 1200?

Champa rice from Vietnam

What fueled China’s industrial growth?

Coal

What were China’s significant innovations during this time?

Printing, navigational techniques, gunpowder, waterways, paper money

How did waterways and paper money help in China’s commercialization?

Waterways facilitated movements of goods, paper money allowed credit and prevented thievery

How were women further oppressed in the Song dynasty?

Confucian writers emphasized the submission of women. Textile factories replaced traditional women weavers. Footbinding became popular, crippling and trapping women.

How were women’s rights advanced in the Song dynasty?

Their property rights expanded. Lower ranking officials urged the education of women.

What are the 3 dynasties for Korea at this time?

Unified Silla (688-900), Koryo (918-1392), Joseon (1392-1910)

How did Korea maintain political independence from China?

They participated in a tributary relationship.

How did Confucian values from China oppress women in Korea?

Early Chinese observed disapproved of the behavior of Korean women. With the support of the Korean court, customs such as women staying in their parents homes and inheritance of property eroded.

In what ways did Korea remain independent from China?

Buddhism did not influence peasants. They had slaves. Examination system never took hold, aristocrats had power. In mid 1400s, Korea got hangul which is a phonetic alphabet.

How did Japan differ from Korea in terms of influence from China?

Unlike Korea, Japan was physically separated as an island and therefore borrowing of culture was voluntary.

How did China influence Japan?

Japan modeled their emerging government of China’s centralized bureaucracy. Schools of Chinese Buddhism took root, first among the educated and later more broadly. Buddhism heavily affected Japanese culture. The Chinese writing system attracted elites.

How did Japan’s government and society differ from China?

Political authority over the country gradually diminished in favor of competing aristocratic families. As political power decentralized, samurai (warriors) emerged. Were HIGHLY respected.

How did Japan’s religion differ from China?

Native beliefs, focused on kami (sacred spirits). Shinto provided imperial family with legitimacy since they were descendants of sun goddess.

How did Japan’s writing differ from China?

Writing system with phonetics emerged. Romantic and poetic writing style.

How were women treated in Japan?

Women escaped Chinese Confucian culture. They could lwk do whatever. Began to lose status in 12th century onwards due to rise of warrior culture.

How was Vietnam similar to Korea?

Vietnam borrowed many things from China and also participated in a tributary relationship with China.

How did Vietnam differ from China?

Vietnam was very nice to the ladies. They had much more freedom and female deities were worshipped and respected. Additionally, chu nom, a variation of Chinese writing, was developed.

What is Srivijaya?

When Malay sailors, opened an all-sea route between India and China through the Strait of Melaka, the many small ports along the Malay Peninsula and the coast of Sumatra began to compete. This created the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya.

How did Indian culture affect Srivijaya?

Monarchs employed Indians. Used imported Indian political ideas and Buddhist religious concepts. Grew into a major center of Buddhism

What is Madjapahit?

The largest of states on Java. HEAVILY influenced by Indian culture.

Why did the Abbasid caliphate become weaker by 1200?

Political grip slipped away. Beginning in mid 9th century, governors had autonomy over their religions while still giving allegiance to caliph.

What was a turning point for the Islamic kingdom?

Arrival of Turkish speaking pastoralists in 1000. Rose to power via military as caliphate lost power. Additionally, Turkish began converting to Islam and they became a new “carrier of faith”

How was the Ottoman Empire created?

Creation of one of the many Turkic warrior groups that had migrated into Anatolia (what is now Turkey)

Why did people in India convert to Islam?

Islam attracted disillusioned Buddhists, low-caste Hindus, and untouchables. Also converted to avoid jizya (tax on non Muslims.)

How was the rise of Islam in India different from other regions?

It never fully took over India. Rather, it coexisted, forming a distinct minority

How did the “golden age” of Muslim Spain end?

Tolerance decreased. Puritan forms of Islam arrived. Coroba (capital) fractured into rival states. Muslims driven out gradually.

What caused the development of the Swahili?

Growing involvement with Indian Ocean trade. Merchant class developed, causing civilization growth

What was the political structure of the Swahili?

City states! Each city was politically independent, governed by their own king, and in competition with the others. No unification.

What religion did the Swahili convert to?

Islam

Where were the Swahili?

East Africa

What were the states of West Africa?

Ghana (700-1200), Mali (1230-1500), Songhay (1430-1591), Kanem-Bornu (1571-1603)

Who were the Hausa?

People who lived in city states. Middlemen of West African commerce.

How were the gender hierarchies in West Africa?

Present, but not as rigid. Women were still extremely important to society.

How did slavery develop in West Africa?

First it was just women. Then, enslaved men were put to work. Slaves were usually from raids. Trans-Saharan slave trade developed.

When did the Byzantine Empire end?

In 1453 when the Ottoman Empire seized Constantinople.

Who made up the Kievan Rus?

Slavic, Finnic, Baltic, and VIKINGS

What did Prince Vladimir do that was a decisive turning point for Kievan Rus?

In 988, he affiliated with Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and his people followed with him.

What did Kievan Rus borrow from?

Byzantine Empire

What made political unity difficult for Western Europe?

Geography. Population centers divided by mountain ranges, dense forests, 5 major peninsulas, 2 large islands

Did Western Europe ever achieve political unity?

No. They were highly fragmented and decentralized.

What is feudalism?

A practice shared by Western Europe. Lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to the king. In return for military support by them, the king provided plunder and land.

What is manorialism?

Peasants were bound to their master’s estate as serfs (not slaves, they weren’t property.) In return for labor and payments, they got protection.

What did the conflicts in Europe cause in terms of society?

It caused more militarized society and values.

What was the Roman Catholic Church?

Hierarchical organization that linked the entire region. Had representatives everywhere. Got wealthier and more land over time.

How did the church authorities and rulers support each other? (Western Europe)

Rulers provided protection for papacy in return for religious legitimacy

What did the weakness of European rulers cause?

Caused space for wealthy merchants to get power and independence from political authority. Some cities even got extra rights and near independence.

What did freedom of European merchants cause?

Way for capitalism. In Spain, Portugal, France, and England, also led to parliaments from the late 12th- early 14th centuries. Parliaments represented the clergy, nobility, merchants

What marked the European High Middle Ages?

Acceleration in the tempo of economic and social change

What were the social changes that occurred in the European High Middle Ages?

Due to new villages and expansion, opportunities for settlement allowed peasants to get more freedom

What are examples of technological advancements in the European High Middle Ages?

Heavy wheeled plow, reliance on horse, crop rotation, mechanical sources of energy

What did changed for women in the European High Middle Ages?

New opportunities in urban professions but they were also banned in working in many trades. Nuns’ freedom and independence became more limited

What idea/philosophy arose in the European High Middle Ages?

Rational thought! Greek and Arab texts began being read and borrowed.

What was the Renaissance?

Elite sought inspiration in art and literature. Artists being patronized by rich people!

What was the Mayan civilization?

Civilization in Mesoamerica 250-900 CE. Many intellectual and artistic achievements. Divided in city states, collapsed completely in around 900.

What was the Triple Alliance?

a highly aggressive program of military conquest launched by the Mexica and 2 other city states in 1428

Why did the Aztecs value human sacrifice?

They believed that human blood was the most important thing they had and that they must offer it to the gods to prevent catastrophe

What were some Aztec architectural advancements?

Floating gardens (chinampas), artificial islands, aqueducts, dikes, bridges, massive temples, etc. Considered best architects in the Americas

Where did the Incas live?

In the Andes

How was the Inca government organized?

Emperor at the top with local officials

What are quipus?

Knotted chords which Incas used to account for population data.

What was the capital and language of the Incas?

Cuzco was the capital, Quechua was the language

What is mita?

Labor service of conquered people in the Incan empire

What did the Incans give in return for labor service?

Food

What were the gender roles in the Aztec and Incan empires?

Paralleling roles. Social roles were defined and different but women were never considered inferior.

What was the anti-buddhist backlash in China?

People were mad that the Buddhists did nothing + there was competition from Daoism. Emperor Wuzong destroyed tons of shrines and drove buddhists out.

How was the Song dynasty founded?

Chaos. Zhao Kuangyin, a fearless warrior unites Southern China, partially restoring what China once was.

What was the Tetrarchy?

Power of 4! Rome. Eastern and Western Empire, each had a baby emperor ready to replace.

What was unique about Constantinople?

Was located on a peninsula with walls surrounding it, so it was a very defensive location. They spoke Greek and was Christian, so no gladiator rings and stuff.

What caused Rome to fall?

Barbarians. Attacked and defeated western side, tried to defeat Constantinople and failed

Who is Justinian?

Emperor who tried to restore Rome. He created the church Hagia Sophia, rebuilt Constantinople, and reformed Roman legal code.

How did the Byzantine Empire resist Arab pressure?

Justinian defended boundaries. Greek fire!

What was the 1054 schism. (sk-ism, not sh-ism)

The split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

What was the early culture before Kievan Rus?

Animism (everything has spiritual essence), strong family tribes/villages, folk music and oral legends