AP World History Study Guide: 1200-1450

Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style to help you prepare for the AP World History exam. These cards cover Unit 1 through Unit 9.

Under the Song Dynasty (960-1279), China enjoyed great __, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations.

wealth

The __ was an efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Grand Canal

Technology of __ and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.

gunpowder

The Song government provided __ to the poor and established public hospitals where people could receive care.

aid

__ had come to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads.

Buddhism

__ evolved in China between 770 and 840. It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Neo-Confucianism

For hundreds of years, Japan had been a __ society without a centralized government.

feudal

In 1192, the Minamoto installed a __, or military ruler, to reign.

shogun

Korea's location gave it a very direct relationship with China and had a __ relationship.

tributary

Vietnamese villages operated independently of a national government; political __ was nonexistent.

centralization

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi laid the groundwork for making __ a separate subject.

trigonometry

__ may be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century.

'A'ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

Islamic society viewed __ as more prestigious than did other societies in Europe and Asia at the time.

merchants

In 711, Muslim forces successfully invaded __ from the south.

Spain

The first kingdom, the __ Dynasty, reigned over southern India for more than 400 years (850—1267).

Chola

Bringing Islam into India, the __ reigned for 300 years, from the l3th through the l6th centuries.

Delhi Sultanate

The __ : Beginning in the 12th century, some Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life.

Bhakti Movement

The __ (67H-1025) was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships that traveled between India and China.

Srivijaya Empire

The __ (802—1431) was situated near the Mekong River and was not dependent on maritime prowess for its power.

Khmer Empire

The __ society had a rigid class structure and a matrilineal society.

Mississippian

The main source of Mayan government was the __ , each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory.

city-state

Aztec government was a __, in which religious leaders had the power.

theocracy

Instead of a tributary system, the Inca were subject to the __ system, mandatory public service.

mit’a

Communities formed __ networks, where families governed themselves

kin-based

By the 12th century, wars with neighboring societies had permanently weakened the Ghanaian state. In its place arose many new trading societies, the most powerful of which was ___.

Mali

Because traditional African religions included __ , song lyrics provided a means of communicating with the spirit world.

ancestor veneration

_ provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord.

Feudalism

The __ system provided economic self-sufficiency and defense.

manorial

The __ was a body that advised the king which included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Estates-General

In 1054, the Christian Church was broken into two branches, a split called the __: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

Great Schism

Anti-Semitism was widespread among Christians. They viewed Jews as __ and untrustworthy.

outsiders

The __ was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue.

Renaissance

One characteristic of the Renaissance was the interest in ___ , the focus on individuals rather than God.

humanism

The Chinese __ Dynasty continued progressing

Song

In the Americas, the Aztecs used a _ system and the Incas used the mit’a system.

tributary

The Crusades helped pave the way to expanding networks of exchange, as lords and their armies of knights brought back and from the East.

fabrics, spices

The Mongols improved roads and punished ___ , both of which increased the safety of travel on the Silk Roads.

bandits

The _ coins they used became too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions, so the government developed a system of credit known as flying cash.

copper

Mongolian soldiers were strong riders and proficient with the __ .

short bow

ln 1236, Batu, the son of Khan’s oldest son, led a Mongolian army of 100,000 soldiers into Russia, which at the time was a loose network of and .

city-states, principalities

The Mongols transferred _ medical knowledge and the Arabic numbering system to Western Europe.

Greco-Islamic

Expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever before, which caused an __ of exchange in the Indian Ocean.

expansion

The Indian Ocean trade also created thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa, sometimes known as the __ .

Swahili city-states

Islam spread into Sub-Saharan Africa as a result of __ trade.

Trans-Saharan

Buddhism came to China from its birthplace in India via the __, and the 7th- century Buddhist monk Xuanzang helped make it popular.

Silk Roads

Islamic scholars translated Greek literary classics into __ saving the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers.

Arabic

Increases in population put pressure on resources, for example, __ outside of Great Zimbabwe was so severe that people had to abandon the city in the late 1400s.

overgrazing

The Mongol conquests helped to transmit the fleas that carried the __ from southern China to Central Asia, and from there to Southeast Asia and Europe.

Bubonic Plague

The trade routes all gave rise to ___, the “knots” that held the network together.

trading cities

The term __ refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.

Gunpowder Empires

When Ivan IV (ruled 1547—1584), called __ crowned tsar in 1547, he immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward

Ivan the Terrible

China’s __ Dynasty, founded by Mongol invader Kublai Khan in 1271, was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368 after less than a century in power.

Yuan

During the __ era, the Portuguese and other Europeans arrived, aiming to encroach on the Asian trade network.

Ming

The warrior leaders of the __, __, and ____ Empires shared many traits besides being Muslims.

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

_ King James believed in the divine right of kings, a common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by God.

England’s

The noble landowning class, the __ , stood at the top of the Russian social pyramid.

boyars

Ottoman Architectural and Artistic Achievements included the restoration of some of the glorious buildings of __, most notably the cathedral of Saint Sophia.

Constantinople

A German monk named __ concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings.

Martin Luther

Luther challenged the Church by nailing his __ to a church door.

95 Theses

In 1536, authored The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland.

John Calvin

The __, or Society of Jesus, a religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, also opposed the spread of Protestantism.

Jesuits

Henry issued the __ which allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith. The edict provided religious toleration in France

Edict of Nantes

__ is an early scientific method developed by English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon which insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Empiricism

Both the __ sultan and Safavid shah used slave soldiers to offset the power of troops who had more loyalty to their tribe or local governor than to the sultan or shah.

Ottoman

The voyages by __ connected people across the Atlantic Ocean.

Columbus

Newton’s discovery of __ increased knowledge of the tides.

gravitation

By adjusting the ratio of length to width of a ship, adding or reducing the number of masts, and using different types of sails, builders could adapt ships to improve their __ .

efficiency

__ led the European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

Spain

__ transformed the culture of the American Indians living in the Plains region.

Horses

Sugar’s profitability in European markets dramatically increased the number of Africans captured and sold through the __ trade.

transatlantic slave

Europeans came to dominate __ trade at the expense of Arab, Indian. and Chinese merchants

global

__ compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

Encomenderos

___ were attached to the land and worked for their landlord in subsistence farming (Europe and Asia)

Serfs

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver is known as the __ .

Commercial Revolution

The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices in the l6th and early l7th century, is called the __ .

Price Revolution

The __ slave trade greatly weakened several West African kingdoms, such as Kongo.

Atlantic

In central West Africa, Portuguese explorers, traders, and missionaries made inroads into the and kingdoms.

Kongo, Benin

The __ social system was built around a warrior aristocracy that soon began to compete for positions in the bureaucracy with the ulama.

Ottoman

The most significant change to the global economy in this period was the integration of the __ into the global trading network.

Western Hemisphere

The __ was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries.

Age of Enlightenment

___, the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

Zionism

After a period of turmoil and war, __ became emperor of France in 1804.

Napoleon Bonaparte

His army of enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other. _.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Bismarck founded the new German Empire, made up of many territories gained from the __ .

wars

The __ , invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

spinning jenny

Whitney’s system directly led to the __ .

division of labor

Once Germany unified in 1871, it became a leading producer of and .

steel, coal

As the textile industry flourished in India, it undermined the British textile mills in Britain, specifically in __ .

Lancaster

The developments of the __ industrial revolution were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

second

Industrialized countries sought to protect their access to resources and markets by establishing __ .

colonies

Japan yielded to similar demands by other __ states.

foreign

Some corporations became so powerful that they could form a __ , control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.

monopoly

In the 1920s, popular culture culture of everyday people expressed itself through new media: and .

radio, motion pictures

After losing its American colonies, Britain looked for new lands to open to __ .

settlement

Some thinkers adapted Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society, creating the theory known as __ .

Social Darwinism

The British and Afrikaners fought over __ .

land

In 1823, President James Monroe issued the __ , which stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctrine

However, after winning independence, citizens of the new United States soon overran the and river valleys.

Ohio, Illinois

However, the company soon ran into opposition from the __ .

Dutch

__ laborers migrated to Hawaii, Peru, and Cuba to work on sugar plantations.

Japanese