bio2300 unit 2 exam cscc

What are the 4 functions of the vertebral column?

protection of the spinal cord

supports the weight of the body

site of muscle attachment

controls and limits torso movement

Name the regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each region

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral (fused into sacrum)

1-4 coccygeal (fused at coccyx)

What feature separates the individual vertebra in the vertebral column?

intervertebral discs

What is the primary difference between a primary vertebral curvature and a secondary vertebral curvature?

primary-develops during fetal period (3rd-9th month

Secondary-complete development after birth

What regions of the vertebral column are secondary curvatures?

Cervical and Lumbar (concave posteriorly)

lumbar=prominent after child walks

cervical= prominent after child holds head up

What regions of the vertebral column are primary curvatures?

Thoracic and sacral

concave anteriorly

Why is the lumbosacral angle in females smaller than that of a male?

The opening is smaller due to angle of sacral because it makes more space for giving birth and makes child birth easier

Anterior side of a typical vertebra

vertebral body

Posterior side of a typical vertebra

spinous process

Lateral side of a typical vertebra

Transverse process

What features combine to form the vertebral/neural arch?

Lamina and pedicles (both sides of vertebrae)

In a single vertebra, the spinal cord passes through the ____________.

vertebral foramen

An intervertebral foramen is formed by the __________and _______________.

inferior vertebral notch

superior vertebral notch

What passes through the intervertebral foramen?

spinal nerves

Explain the difference between a vertebral foramen and the vertebral canal

Foramen-opening in t he vertebra through which the spinal cord passes

Canal-when 2 or more vertebral foramen are in line with each other

What features are characteristic of a cervical vertebra?

small, kidney bean shaped, costal facets for ribs absent, no transverse foramina, spinous process-slender C2-C6 are often bifid, inferior=anteroinferior, superior=posterosuperior, transverse processes are small (contain foramina)

Describe the appearance and function of the atlas

No body or spinous process; ring like

holds up skull and swivels around axis

creates "yes" motion when C1 articulates with occipital condyles of skull

Describe the appearance and function of the axis

Dens create the "no" motion

Body has vertical projection called the DENS=structure

-strongest of all cervical vertebrae

ligaments support this mechanism of rotation for the cervical spine

What features are characteristic of a thoracic vertebra?

medium sized, heart shaped body, present costal facets for ribs on body and transverse processes, no transverse foramina, spinous process=long most project inferiorly, inferior angle=anteromedial, superior angle=posterolateral, transverse processes=medium sized

What features are characteristic of a lumbar vertebra?

Largest, large/round/oval, costal-none, no foramina, spinous process-short (thick and blunt); project posteriorly, inferior angle=lateral, superior angle=medial, transverse process=large, thick, blunt

How was the ala of the sacrum formed?

ala=wing; fused remnants of transverse processes

What passes through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina?

anterior/posterior rami of spinal nerves

How was the median sacral crest formed?

fused spinous processes of S1-S3

Which bone articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum?

ilium to form sacroiliac joint

How was the sacral hiatus formed?

opening at the distal end of the vertebral/sacral canal due to failure of S4/S5 spinous process to form

Identify the parts of the intervertebral disc and describe the function of each part

a. Nucleous Pulposus (inner gelatinous material that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility

b. Annulus Fibrous (acts as a flexible shock absorber due to its composite construction

Describe the functions of the stabilizing ligaments of the vertebral column

a. Posterior longitudinal-reinforces support, resists hyperflexion, drives "herniation" of nucleus pulpusus

b. Anterior longitudinal-reinforces support, resists hyperextension of vertebral column

Describe what happens when an interverebral disc herniates

Annulus fibrosus weakens, nucleus pulposus will herniate (protrude), compression of the spinal nerves exiting the spine (pain/loss of function)

Describe the abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column

a. Scoliosis- crooked/curved back

b. Kyphosis-hunchback

c. Lordosis-swayback

What is the name of cranial nerve VII?

facial nerve

List the muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII

a) occipitofrontalils (frontal belly) (skin of forehead)

b) occipitofrontalils (occipital belly)

c) orbicularis oculi (skin surrounding eyelids)

d. orbicularis oris (encircles mouth)

e. zygomaticus (skin at superolateral edge of mouth)

f. buccinator (orbicularis oris)

g. platysma (skin of cheek and mandible)

What is unique about the insertion for all muscles of facial expression?

all are innervated by CNVII (facial nerve)

and insert into either the skin of the face or blend with another facial muscle

What is the name of cranial nerve V?

trigeminal nerve

What is the name of of the third division of cranial nerve V?

mandibular division

list the muscles innervated by cranial nerve V3

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

Name the insertion and action of occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)

insertion: skin of forehead

action: moves scalp, eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead

Name the insertion and action of occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)

insertion: epicranial aponeurosis

action: retracts scalp

Name the insertion and action of orbicularis oculi

insertion: skin surrounding eyelids

action: closes eye (winking, blinking, squinting)

Name the insertion and action of orbicularis oris

insertion: encircles mouth; skin and muscles at angle to mouth

action: compresses and purses lips (kiss muscle)

Name the insertion and action of zygomaticus

insertion: skin at superolateral edge of mouth

action: elevates corner of mouth (smile muscle)

Name the insertion and action of buccinator

insertion: orbicularis oris

action: compresses cheek; holds food between teeth when chewing

Name the insertion and action of platysma

insertion: skin of cheek and mandible

action: pulls lower lip inferiorly, tenses skin of neck

Which muscles elevates the mandible? Which of these muscles acts as the prime mover for jaw closure?

a) medial pterygoid and temporalis

b) masseter

Identify the muscles that allow us to grind our teeth

Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid

Name the key anatomical landmarks in the neck

hyoid bone, thyroid and cricoid cartilage, sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Identify the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

origin: sternum and clavicle

insertion: mastoid process (temporal bone)

Identify the actions of the SCM

Bilateral: flexes neck

Unilateral: lateral flexion, rotation of head to opposite side

Which cranial nerve innervates the SCM?

CN-XI (accessory nerve)

Name the suprahyoid muscles

diagnostic and mylohyoid

The suprahyoid muscles__________the hyoid

elevates

Name the origin and insertion of sternothyroid

origin: sternum

insertion: thyroid cartilage

Name the origin and insertion of thyrohyoid

origin: thyroid cartilage

insertion: hyoid bone

Name the origin and insertion of sternohyoid

origin: sternum

insertion: hyoid bone

Name the origin and insertion of omohyoid

origin: scapula

insertion: hyoid bone

The infrahyoid muscles___________ the hyoid

depress

Which rami innervate the intrinsic back muscles?

posterior rami

Identify the insertions of each superficial intrinsic back muscle

Splenius Capitis: mastoid process

Splenius Cervicis: transverse process of C1-C3 or C4

What are the unilateral and bilateral actions of the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

unilateral: laterally flex and rotate to ipsilateral side

bilateral: extend head and back

Name the three groups of muscle fibers that make up the erector spinae

a) spinalis (most medial)

b) longissimus

c) illiocostalis (most lateral)

What are the unilateral and bilateral actions of the erector spinae (the intermediate intrinsic back muscle)?

unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column

bilateral: extend vertebral column

Define neuron

structural unit of the nervous system

Describe the function of nervous tissue

passes along impulses to different parts of the body

(gray matter = cell bodies processing

white matter= axons moving impulses)

Name the components of the CNS and PNS

CNS= brain and spinal cord

PNS= everything else! (cranial, spinal, peripheral nerves)

Describe the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion

nucleus: collection of cell bodies inside the CNS

ganglion: collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

Describe the difference between a nerve and a tract

nerve= collection of axons

tract= collection of nerve fibers sharing a common function

Describe the difference between the gray and white matter of the brain

gray= location of cell bodies (nuclei) inside the CNS-superficial

white= location of myelinated axons inside the CNS-deep

Association tracts connect

same hemisphere

Commisural tracts connect

opposite hemispheres cross via corpus callosum

Projection tracts project

to lower regions of brain and spinal cord

Name the commisural tract the connects left and right cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

Name and describe each of the functional lobes of the cerebrum

a) Frontal-personality, memory, primary motor cortex

b) Parietal-primary sensory cortex

c) Temporal-primary auditory cortex

d) Occipital-primary visual cortex

Define fissure and describe the two examples

fissure is deep grooves (clefts)

2 types: longitudinal (between right and left)

transverse (between cerebrum and cerebellum)

Define gyrus and describe two examples

gyrus means ridge

1) precentral gyrus= primary motor cortex

2) postcentral gyrus= primary sensory cortex

Define sulcus and describe the two examples

sulcus meas shallow groove

1) central sulcus= located between precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

2) lateral sulcus= separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal

Describe the role of the thalamus in the diencephalon

receive, group, relay sensory info to the cerebrum

tells info where to go except of smell (olfactory)

Describe the role of the epithalamus in the diencephalon

pineal gland produces melotonin )regulates sleep/wake cycles)

low production of melotonin can lead to SAD (seasonal affective disorder)

Describe the role of the hyopthalamus in the diencephalon

command center for the endocrine system and tells the pituitary gland what to do

What are the components of the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epitalamus

Define basal nuclei

Paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the cerebral hemispheres

Describe the function of the cerebellum

Body posture, balance, fine coordination

(Does not initiate movement, but helps maintain movement)

What are the divisions of the brainstem?

midbrain

pons (lines up with cerebellum)

medulla oblongata

What is the function of the midbrain?

superior portion

relay station for visual and auditory info (via superior/inferior colliculi

What is the function of pons?

directly inferior to midbrain "bridge"

-communication and coordination center for the spinal cord and various portions of brain

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

directly inferior to pons

-continuation of the medulla is the spinal cord

-controls autonomic (involuntary) functions (breathing, heart rate)

Desbribe the difference between gray and white matter of the spinal cord

gray matter: location of cell bodies INSIDE the CNS

white matter: location of myelinated axons INSIDE the CNS

What feature of the spinal cord is considered the tip of the cord? At what vertebral level is this structure found?

a) conus medullaris

b) Medullary Cone L1-L2

What is the cauda equina?

"horses tail" = collection of rooters inferior to the conus medullaris

Filum terminale is an extension of what layer of the meninges? What is the purpose /function of the filum teminale?

extension of the pia mater that attaches to the spinal cord to the coccyx

-it gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord

List the regions of the spinal cord

thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Define upper motor neuron (UMN)

UMN=from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Define lower motor neuron (LMN)

LMN= from the spinal cord to the target muscle

What makes up a spinal nerve?

anterior root + posterior root

Spinal nerve will divide (split) into __________ and _________________.

posterior ramus and anterior ramus

Posterior rami innervate_______

intrinsic (deep) back muscles and skin above

Anterior rami innervate____________

all other muscles and skin

Plexus=

anterior rami coming together to innervate a region

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

In thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, the nerve is named for the vertebra _________

above

In the cervical region, the nerve is named for the vertebra __________

below

Cervical region contains _______nerves and ________vertebrae

8 nerves

7 vertebrae