Physics HL (Waves and SHM)

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34 Terms

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Term

Definition

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SHM

Oscillatory motion about equilibrium with a restoring force proportional to displacement.

<p>Oscillatory motion about equilibrium with a restoring force proportional to displacement.</p>
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Equilibrium

The point where the net force on an object is zero.

<p>The point where the net force on an object is zero.</p>
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Amplitude

The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.

<p>The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.</p>
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Frequency

Number of complete oscillations per second (measured in hertz, Hz).

<p>Number of complete oscillations per second (measured in hertz, Hz).</p>
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Period (T)

Time taken for one complete cycle of oscillation; T = 1/f.

<p>Time taken for one complete cycle of oscillation; T = 1/f.</p>
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Angular frequency (ω)

Rate of phase change in radians per second; ω = 2πf.

<p>Rate of phase change in radians per second; ω = 2πf.</p>
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Displacement (x)

The distance and direction from equilibrium.

<p>The distance and direction from equilibrium.</p>
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Restoring force

A force that acts to bring an object back toward equilibrium.

<p>A force that acts to bring an object back toward equilibrium.</p>
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Phase angle

The position of the object in its cycle, measured in radians.

<p>The position of the object in its cycle, measured in radians.</p>
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Energy in SHM

Kinetic and potential energy trade off; total energy is constant in an ideal system.

<p>Kinetic and potential energy trade off; total energy is constant in an ideal system.</p>
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Transverse wave

A wave where the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of travel (e.g., light).

<p>A wave where the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of travel (e.g., light).</p>
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Longitudinal wave

A wave where the oscillation is parallel to the direction of travel (e.g., sound).

<p>A wave where the oscillation is parallel to the direction of travel (e.g., sound).</p>
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Mechanical wave

A wave that requires a medium to travel through (e.g., sound).

<p>A wave that requires a medium to travel through (e.g., sound).</p>
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Electromagnetic wave

A wave that does not require a medium (e.g., light).

<p>A wave that does not require a medium (e.g., light).</p>
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Wave speed (v)

Speed at which the wave propagates; v = fλ.

<p>Speed at which the wave propagates; v = fλ.</p>
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Wavelength (λ)

The distance between two successive points in phase on a wave.

<p>The distance between two successive points in phase on a wave.</p>
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Wavefront

A line connecting points of equal phase in a wave.

<p>A line connecting points of equal phase in a wave.</p>
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Ray

A line that shows the direction of wave travel.

<p>A line that shows the direction of wave travel.</p>
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Diffraction

The bending of waves around obstacles or through slits.

<p>The bending of waves around obstacles or through slits.</p>
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Refraction

The change in direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another.

<p>The change in direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another.</p>
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Reflection

The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a boundary.

<p>The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a boundary.</p>
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Superposition

When two or more waves overlap and combine.

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Interference

The result of superposition: constructive (amplitude increases) or destructive (amplitude decreases).

<p>The result of superposition: constructive (amplitude increases) or destructive (amplitude decreases).</p>
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Coherence

Waves with constant phase difference; necessary for clear interference patterns.

<p>Waves with constant phase difference; necessary for clear interference patterns.</p>
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Phase

The fraction of a wave cycle that has passed relative to a reference point.

<p>The fraction of a wave cycle that has passed relative to a reference point.</p>
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Nodes

Points of zero displacement in a standing wave.

<p>Points of zero displacement in a standing wave.</p>
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Antinodes

Points of maximum displacement in a standing wave.

<p>Points of maximum displacement in a standing wave.</p>
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Harmonics

The natural vibration modes of a system, dependent on length and boundary conditions.

<p>The natural vibration modes of a system, dependent on length and boundary conditions.</p>
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Resonance

Large amplitude response when driving frequency matches natural frequency.

<p>Large amplitude response when driving frequency matches natural frequency.</p>
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Damping

Energy loss in oscillations over time (light, critical, heavy).

<p>Energy loss in oscillations over time (light, critical, heavy).</p>
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Doppler shift

The change in observed frequency due to motion of the source or observer.

<p>The change in observed frequency due to motion of the source or observer.</p>
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Redshift

A decrease in observed frequency when the source is moving away.

<p>A decrease in observed frequency when the source is moving away.</p>
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Blueshift

An increase in observed frequency when the source is moving closer.

<p>An increase in observed frequency when the source is moving closer.</p>