DS - Chapter 8

controversial

measuring ‘intelligence’ is ___

intelligence

• challenging to precisely define ___

• concept of ___ has been heavily influenced by the development of intelligence tests as screening devices in education and personnel selection

• ____ is what is measured by ___ tests

general intelligence

we all possess a certain amount of ___ ___, which reflects our ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks

single trait

one hypothesis : intelligence is a ___ ___

spearman’s G

every battery of intelligence correlates with each other

multiple

another hypothesis : intelligence consists of ___ distinct traits or abilities

fluid intelligence

ability to think on the spot to solve problems

crystallized knowledge

knowledge of the world

verbal comprehension

understanding and using language effectiveness, including skills such as vocab, reading comprehension, and verbal reasoning

word fluency

the capacity to generate words / ideas quickly and fluently

number faciility

skills in mental arithmetic, mathematical reasoning, and numerical problem-solving

spatial visualization

the capacity to mentally manipulate and visualize objects or shapes in space

memory

the ability to retain and retrieve information

reasoning

the ability to apply logic and critical thinking to solve problems

perceptual speed

ability to quickly and accurately perceive and process visual information, such as identifying patterns or symbols in a short amount of time.

numerous

another hypothesis : intelligence consists of ___, distinct processes

three-stratum

the ___-___ theory of intelligence integrates these perspectives

measuring intelligence

• problem solving

• memory

• language comprehension

• spatial reasoning and others

WISC

the ___ consists of many subtests

block design

requires matching spatial patterns with colored blocks.

matrix reasoning

requires completing patterns

vocab tests

____ ___ knowledge of the meaning of words

bioecological model

Bronfenbrenner’s ___ ___ of development explains the effects of genetic and environmental influences on intelligence

vocabulary

tests knowledge of the meaning of words

IQ tests

scored according to a normal distribution

intelligence

somewhat consistent over development

intelligence

can change with development

IQ scores

strong predictors of life outcomes in our society

Flynn effect

the society in which children grow influences their intelligence

universal skills

reading, writing, and formal mathematics are not ____ ____

read

learning to ___ builds on other skills

phonemes

sounds

orthography

spelling

semantics

meaning

phonological recoding

letters code sounds : identify sounds & blend into words

phonological recoding

sounding out words works as a self-teaching mechanism through which readers establish complete lexical representations and begin to recognize words directly.

visually-based retrieval

assessing meaning directly from the visual word form, without activating the sounds of the word.

simple view of reading

reading comprehension depends on the interaction of decoding skill and comprehension of oral language

low-level goals

forming letters, spelling words, using correct capitalization and punctuation

high-level goals

making arguments comprehensible without context, intonations, and gestures

numeracy

early ___ predicts high school math & college attendance

arithmetic

____ builds out of concrete foundations

mathematics anxiety

a negative emotional state that leads to fear and avoidance of math

mathematics anxiety

parents’ ___ ___ can influence their child’s math performance and math anxiety