AS 501 midterm 2

Animals are classified by the types of food they ingest which are? (give examples)

* carnivores
* mink, cats
* herbivores
* cattle, sheep, goats, horses
* omnivores
* human, pigs, dogs

what does it mean to be monogastric? and what are some examples of monogastric animals?

it means one or simple stomache structure, which is made up of mostly carnivores and omnivores.

* simple stomach
* dog, mink
* cecal digestion
* horse, rabbit, rat

what is the purpose for digestion?

to reduce feed particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Mechanical breakdown of food consist of

\-chewing, contractions of digestion tract

chemical breakdown of food consist of

* HCl in the stomache
* enzymes

mechanical breakdown teeth for carnivores consist of …

* sharp incisors
* pointed canine teeth
* fewer molars

mechanical breakdown teeth for herbivores consis of …..

* INCISORS
* MAY NOT BE PRESENT ON MAXILLA
* MOLARS
* WIDER, FLATTER, DESIGNED TO GRIND FOOD

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Mechanical breakdown teeth of omnivores consist of….

* sharp incisors and canines
* grinding molars

what is the difference between carnivores and herbivores mastication or chewing?

* carnivors need to chew only to reduce size of the particle vs the herbivores that must chew continuously (40-50000 times a day)

what does chemical breakdown help with?

* enzymes helps break down large molecules.

what enzyme is found in the mouth?

Amylase is in saliva of humans and pigs, it breaks down starch to disaccharides and dextrin.

what enzyme is in the stomache?

* HCl creates an acidic enviornment.
* pepsin breaks protiens down to polypeptide

what enzymes is in the pancreas?

* lipase
* lipids to fatty acids and glycerides

what enzymes is in the pancreas?

* trypsin
* proteins to polypeptides

what enzymes is in the pancreas?

* chymotrypsin
* peptides to amino acids and peptides

what enzymes is in the pancreas?

* amylase
* starch to disaccharides to dextrin

chemical breakdown in the gall bladder consist of?

* bile
* produced in the liver
* emulsifies fats
* alkaline to neutralize stomach contents that are acidic
* horses and rats don’t have gall bladder

What does the small intestine absorbes?

amino acids, fatty acids, and monosaccharides are available for absorption

what does the large intestine absorbes?

water

what is the basic anatomy of a monogastric animal (simplest)?

* mouth
* esophagus
* stomache
* small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
* large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus)

what happens in the duodenum?

Bile and pancreatic secretions enters here.

what happens in the jejunum?

aditional digestion and absorption of nutrients.

what happens in the third part of the small intestine ileum?

splits food molecules and absorbs nutients.

Do the simplest stomache have a functional cecum?

No, it is functional in horses and rats where they have a large cecum pouch.

What happens in the cecum and colon?

stores undigested feed and absorbs water.

what happens in the rectum and anus?

* nondigested feed turns into feces


* scours & consitipation

how are pigs and humans similar?

* both are omnivores
* cannot synthesize B complex and amino acids
* can become obese with increased food intake.

Why isn’t a horse considered a simplest stomache?

it has a functioning cecum where the feed is fermented.

what does a functional cecum digestive system consist of?

* mouth
* esophagus
* stomache
* small intestine
* large intestine (functional cecum, colon, rectum, anus)

equine digestive system, what does the mouth contain?

* intact top and bottom incisors


* molars adapted to chewing fibrous feeds
* no digestive enzyme in saliva

equine digestive system, esophagus what something horses cant do?

It is not well adapted for regurgitation.

is an equine stomache similar to monogastric system?

yes

what is different about equine from other monogastric animals?

* no gall bladder to store bile.
* enlarged cecum to aid in fiber breakdown.

where is the cecum located in an equine?

at junction of smal and large intestine.

what are accesory organs?

organs that aid in the digestive process without actually being a part of the digestive system.

what are examples of accessory organs and what are their functions?

* pancreas
* produces and secretes digestive enzymes
* produces insulin which regulates carbohydrate metabolism


* liver
* produces bile breaks down fatty acids
* stores iron

digestive track of an avian includes:

* mouth/beak and break down feed, no teeth


* esophagus tube
* crop feed storage and moisteining
* proventriculus- glandular stomache; enzymatic
* small intestine- enzymatic digestion and absorption
* function of small intestine: digestion of protein, carbs, and fats; absorption of end products of digestion.
* ceca
* large intestine
* cloaca- common chamber for GI and urinary tracts and reproductive tract.
* vent- common exit for GI and urinary tract.

What do the following animals have in common: cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk, giraffe, mouse deer, cow?

they are all ruminants, all live off grass, can digest cellulose.

How can ruminant digest these things?

Process of rumination which consist of eating rapidly, regurgitating, and masticating their feed.

what are the four structures that ruminant animals have?

* Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

info about stomache of a ruminant..

* it is a large fermination vat
* microorganism breakdown cellulose
* creates lots of gases like methane
* some nutrients are absorbed
* roughages are reduced in size
* rumen feed storage

what does the ruminant digestion system consist of?

* mouth
* esophagus
* rumen
* reticulum
* omasum
* abomasum
* small intestine (d,j,i)
* large intestine (colon, rectum, anus)

info about Rumen?

* 40 gallons in a cow
* large fermination vat
* covered with papillae
* microbes synthesize amino acids from nonprtein nitrogen and B-complex vitamins.

Info about Reticulum

* hardware, honeycomb
* collects objects that shouldn’t be in the digestive system
* nails, screws, baling wire
* magnets are placed into many dairy animal’s reticulum.

info about omasum…

* manyplies
* bible stomache
* water and particle size

info about abomasum…

* true stomache
* glandular stomach (HCl, pepsin, rennin)
* change to columnar epithelium
* takes up 80% of calf stomache
* takes up 10% of adult stomache

small intestine info

* long, coiled tube
* covered by villi which increase surface area to increase absorption
* food moves via peristaltic movement
* final breakdown and absorption occurs here.

large intestine info

* very little nutrient absorption takes place here
* includes cecum, colon, and rectum
* absorbs water

what are the 6 essential nutrients?

* water


* protein
* carbs
* fat
* minerals
* vitamins

daily water consumption by livestock: cattle beef

Fattening\~8-9 gals

Lactating\~ 10-25 gals

Grazing\~ 4.5-9 gals

daily water consumption by livestock: cattle dairy

Lactating\~ 25-80 gals

daily water consumption by livestock: sheep

Grazing\~ 0.5-2.1 gals

daily water consumption by livestock: swine

Maintenance\~ 1.5-3.5 gals

Pregnant\~ 4.0-5.0 gals

Lactating\~ 5.0-6.5 gals

daily water consumption by livestock: Chicken

growing (per 100 birds) \~ 4-5 gals

nonlaying\~ 5 gals

Laying\~ 5-9 gals

daily water consumption by livestock: Turkey

Mature (per 100 birds)\~ 17 gals

daily water consumption by livestock: Horses

Mature\~ 12 gals

protein consist of…

* amino acids
* carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

ten essential amino acids are

* phylalinine
* valine
* tryptophan
* threonine
* isoleucine
* methionine
* histidine
* arginine
* leucine
* lysine

requires amino acids for cats..

taurine

require amino acids for poultry…

glycine and serine

how much protein is in feed?

* amino acids to 16% nitrogen
* crude protein
* Divide N content by 16 or 6.25 x %N

example of crude protein:

* soy beans meal, peanut meal, alfafa hay
* 200 lbs of SBM has 7.3% N
* how much crude protein does the SBM. have?
* 7.3%N x 6.25= 45.62% CP

DM (dry matter) and Moisture is

is what remains when water is removed from a feed. while water is an essential nutrient, water contains NO energy needed for production.

values of hays of different maturity type

Alfalfa Late bud 19% 40% 29%

Early bloom 18% 42% 31%

Mid bloom 15% 46% 35%

Late bloom 12% 50% 37%

Digestible energy

The amount of energy in a feed digested by the animal, expressed in Mcal or Kcal

* DE=GE- energy found in the feces

Net energy

the amount of energy in a feed used for a specific body function

* NE=GE- (fecal energy + gaseous & urinary energy + heat increment)

Fats info

* fatty acids+ glycerol
* carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Macro required in larger amounts

Ca, P, Na, Cl, S, K, Mg

Micro nutrients required in smaller amounts

Mn, Se, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Mo, I, Cr, Si

Minerals needed for skeletal formation

Ca, P

Minerals needed for oxygen transport

Fe

Minerals needed for fluid balance

Na, Cl, K

Minerals needed for acid-base balance

Na, Cl, K

Minerals needed for mineral/vitamin

Ca, Se

vitamins are

essential for health, reproduction, lactation, growth, general maintenance.

Bloat

Legume, succulent in forages

Hardware Disease

wire, nails-lodged in reticulum

Ketosis

sudden need for extra energy

milk fever

sudden need for Calcium (lactation)

Acidosis

excess grain consumption (ruminants)

colic

most common nutritional disorder in horses

milk fever

calcium gluconate

Ketosis

challenge feeding, DCAD

Anemia

Fe-dextran

Bloat

Trocar

purpose of dairy industry is…

* production of milk in excess of needs of young for human consumption
* sheep, goats, water buffalo, camels, reindeer, horses
* protein and Ca

history of milk industry India

3000 BCE- milk, cheese, butter

History of milk industry 1841

First rail shipment of milk (problem: milk goes bad)

history of milk industry 1862

land grant act (college of Ag in every state)

history of milk industry 1887

Hatch act (expiremental stations, research on dairy cattle and processing)

history of milk industry 1890

babcock test (fat), TB testing. since sellers would cheat by adding more water to milk and sell it to sellers by weight.

history of milk industry 1864

french chemist louis pasteur,

* pasteurization- heat to destroy harmful microbes in products

history of dairy industry 1919

homogenization

* breaking of fats

history of dairy industry 1939

A.I

cow numbers in california (2015)

1\.71 million

Top 10 cows per heard (2013)

california 1175

Top 7 total cows/7 milk production (milion cows) CA

1\.71

Top 10 number of dairies WI

17366

top 10 number of dairies Ca

2144

California Dairy statistics

\#1 out of every 5 lbs of cheese comes from CA